07SAAD StructuredMethodTechniques DFD

Introduction to Structured
Method Techniques Data Flow

Models
Topic & structure of the lesson

Introduction to Structured Method
Techniques
Data Flow Models
Data Flow Diagrams
Context Diagram
Level 0
Level 1
Data Dictionary
Process Specification
CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design
Introduction to Structured Method Techniques
Slide 2 (of 43)
Learning Outcomes
By the end of lecture, YOU should be
able:
to identify the framework of activities
associated with methodologies and describe
how the techniques are used together to
develop a system
Slide 3 (of 43)
Key terms you must be able to use
If you have mastered this topic, you

should be able to use the following
terms correctly in your assignments
and exams:
Data Flow Diagrams
Context Diagram
Data Store
Entities
Data Flow
Processes
Slide 4 (of 43)
Introduction
Techniques
data flow diagrams

data dictionary
process specification
data modeling
entity life histories
Modelling
What is a model?
part of real world
abstraction
Benefits
communication
tackle complexity
decomposition - breakdown
abstraction - zoom into an idea
Purpose of Data Flow Diagrams

to show the processes that data undergo in a
system
to show how data moves and changes through
an information system in a graphical, top-down
fashion
to produce a logical model of an information
system in a simple, direct way
Slide 5 (of 24)
Data Flow Diagrams

used with complementary techniques of:
data dictionary
data modelling
process definitions
entity life histories
Basic elements
data flows
processes
data stores
external entities
DFD notation
data flows
processes
DFD notation
data stores
external entities
Components of DFD (Yourdon)

Data Flow
Process
Customer order
1.0
Raise
Order
Data Store
External Entity
(Source/Sink)
Customer
Slide 9 (of 24)
Components of DFD (Gane & Sarson)

Data Flow
Customer order
Process
1.0
Raise
Order
Data Store
Product
External Entity
(Source/Sink)
Customer
Slide 10 (of 24)
Logical and Physical Data Flow

Diagrams
Physical
System
Logical
System
Current System
CPDFD
Current
physical
How the existing system
works
CLDFD
Current
logical
What the existing
system works
Required System
RPDFD
Required
physical
How the requirements
are to be
implemented
RLDFD
Required
logical
What the required
system will do
Levelled DFDs
Context Diagram
Top-level diagram
Models the whole system as a single process
box
identifies all external entities and related input
and output flows
Labelling
entities
data flows
process
Levelled DFDs
Expanding processes
Level 0, Level 1, Level 2....
Numbering
Labelling
processes
data stores
Balancing Rules
Steps in developing Data Flow

Diagrams
Make a list of business activities and use it to
determine various
External entities
Data Flows
Processes
Data Stores
Create a context diagram which shows external

entities and data flows
Slide 6 (of 21)
Steps in developing DFD

Draw Diagram 0, the next level. Show
processes, but keep them general. Show
data stores at this level.
Create a child diagram for each of the
processes in Diagram 0.
Check for errors and make sure the labels
you assign to each process in a data flow
diagram are meaningful.
Level 0 DFD
Slide 6 (of 12)
Level 1 DFD
Slide 7 (of 12)
Data Dictionary
Purpose
Content and layout vary
WHAT IS A DATA DICTIONARY ?

Also known as data repository
A reference work of data about data (metadata)
which is compiled by systems analysts to guide
them through analysis, design and
implementation.
A central storehouse of information about the
systems data
A document which is used to collect and
coordinate specific data terms, as well as
confirms what each term mean to different
people in the organization
Slide 5 (of 25)
A DATA DICTIONARY IS USED TO :

provide documentation
eliminate redundancy
validate the data flow diagram for completeness
& accuracy
provide a starting point for developing screens
and reports
determine the contents of data stored in files
develop the logic for data flow diagram
processes
Slide 6 (of 25)
Contents of a data dictionary
Figure 11-1 :Contents of the Data Dictionary

Systems Analysis & Design (4th Edition) Shelly Cashman Series
Slide 7 (of 25)
External Entity
Name :
The external entity name as it appears on the DFDs
Description :
Of the external entity and its purpose
Input data flows :
The standard DFD names for the input data flows into
the external entity
Output data flows :
The standard DFD names for the output data flows
Slide 8 (of 25)
External Entity
Name : Customer
Description : Customer register details to obtain
login details such as Login # and password
Input data flows : Login details
Customer record
Output data flow : Customer details

Registration details
Customer details
Customer
1.0
Register
Customer
Login details
Slide 9 (of 25)
Updated
Customer
details
Process
Name : Process name and # as it appears on the
DFDs
Description : Brief statement of the processs
general purpose
Input data flows : The standard DFD names for the
data flows entering the process
Output data flow : The standard DFD names for
the data
flows leaving the process
Process description : Document the detailed steps
for the process using Structured English
Slide 10 (of 25)
Process
Name : 1.0 Register Customer
Description : Registers customer details into the
customer records and retrieves randomly generated
password with login
Input data flows : Customer details
Customer record
Output data flows : Login details
Process : DO
READ customer details .............. Registration details
Customer details
Customer
1.0
Register
Customer
Login details
Slide 11 (of 25)
Updated
Customer
details
Data Flow
Name : The data flow name as it appears on
the DFDs
Description : Describes the data flow and its
purpose
Origin / Source : The DFD beginning or
source of the data flow. Can be a process, a
data store or an external entity.
Destination : The DFD ending points for the
data flow. Can be a process, a data store or
an external entity
Data structure : Also known as record
Slide 12 (of 25)
Data Flow
Name : Login details
Description : to allow the customer to log on into the system
Origin / Source : Register customer process
Destination / Sink : Customer external entity
Data structure : Login ID, Password
Customer record
Customer details
Customer
1.0
Register
Customer
Login details
Slide 13 (of 25)
Updated
Customer
details
Data Store
Name : The data store name as it appears on
the DFDs
Description : Describes the data store and its
purpose
Input data flows : The standard DFD names for
the data flows entering the data store
Output data flows : The standard DFD names
for the data flows leaving the data store
Data structure : Also known as record
Slide 14 (of 25)
Data Store
Name : Customer Record
Description : Stores registration details and provide updated
customer details for processes
Input data flows : Registration details
Output data flows : Updated customer details
Customer record
Data structure : Customer ID, Name, Address.......
Customer details
Customer
1.0
Register
Customer
Login details
Slide 15 (of 25)
Updated
Customer
details
Quick Review Question

What is the data dictionary format for
entity?
process?
data flow?
data store?
Slide 16 (of 25)
CONTENTS OF A DATA DICTIONARY

Data Structure
Slide 17 (of 25)
Data Structure
described using algebraic notation
The symbols used are :
=
means is composed of
+
means and
{ } indicate repetitive elements,
repeating groups or tables
[ ] represent an either / or situation
( ) represent an optional element
Slide 18 (of 25)
Data Structure
Customer order = Customer ID+
Customer Name +
Address +
Telephone +
Order Date +
{Available order items} +
Merchandise Total +
(Tax) +
(Credit Card Type) +
(Credit Card Number)
Method of payment =
[Check | Charge | Money Order]
Slide 19 (of 25)
CONTENTS OF A DATA DICTIONARY

Data Element
Slide 20 (of 25)
Data Element
Data Element Name : Login ID
Description : used to uniquely identify the
user of the system
Element Characteristics :
Type : Alphanumeric
Length : 7
Output format : xxxxxxx
* other characteristics refer to Ms Access
Slide 21 (of 25)
supporting documentation for DFDs
describes in detail whats happening in the
process boxes of the DFD
explain the decision-making logic and
formulas that will transform process input
data into output
descriptive techniques
Structured English
Decision Tables
Decision Trees
Structured English
Suggested constructs include:
a sequence construct statement 1 before
statement 2
two decision constructs
ifthenelse construct
case construct
one or two repetition constructs

whiledo
repeat until
Structured English Keywords

Construct
Structured English Keyword
Sequence
No keyword are used to show
sequence. The end of sequence is
indicated by the word EXIT
Selection
often
IFTHENELSE..ENDIF
IFELSEIFELSEIFELSEENDIF
SELECTWHENWHENENDSELECT
Repetition
DO WHILE, REPEAT WHILE,

LOOP WHILE DO UNTIL, REPEAT UNTIL,
LOOP UNTIL FOR ALL, FOR EACHWHERE
ENDDO, ENDREPEAT, ENDLOOP,
ENDFOR
Slide 9 (of 15)
END,
Structured English
Figure 10-1 : Sample Structured English process description

Slide 10 (of 15)

Write the process specification, using
Structured English, for the following
process:
Customer record
Customer details
Customer
1.0
Register
Customer
Login details
Slide 11 (of 15)
Updated
Customer
details
Decision Tables
Figure 6.1: The standard format used for presenting a decision table (Kendall, 1999)
Decision Table
Developing decision tables:
1. Determine number of conditions
2. Determine number of possible actions
3. Determine number of condition alternatives
4. Calculate maximum number of columns
5. Fill in condition alternatives
6. Insert an X where rules suggest certain actions
7. Simplify table combine rules where alternative does
not make a difference
Slide 6 (of 18)
Decision Table with 4 rules
Figure 10-3 : Example of a decision table with 4 rules

Slide 7 (of 18)
Decision Table with 8 rules
Figure 10-4 : Example of a decision table with 8 rules

All possible combinations, including some that may be illogical or

impractical
It is essential to show all possibilities before attempting to combine
or simplify the rules.
Slide 8 (of 18)
Simplifying a decision table
Figure 10-5 : Example of a decision table being simplified

All eight rules are shown, but conditions that do not affect the
outcome are represented by a dash.
Slide 9 (of 18)
Simplifying a decision table
Figure 10-6 : Example of a simplified decision table

The rules are combined into four meaningful

possibilities.
Slide 10 (of 18)

What are the advantages of Decision
Table compared to Structured English?
Slide 11 (of 18)
Decision Tree
a graphical representation of the conditions,
actions
and rules found in a decision table
shows the logic structure in a horizontal form
that resembles a tree with the roots at the left
and the branches to the right
are effective ways to present the system to
management
Slide 12 (of 18)
Decision Tree
Slide 13 (of 18)
Decision Tree
Figure 6.2: Example of Decision Tree (Kendall, 1999)

Advantages of decision tree over

decision table
The order of checking conditions and
executing actions is immediately
noticeable
Conditions and actions of decision trees
are found on some branches but not on
others, unlike decision tables where they
are all part of the same table
Decision trees are more readily
understood by others in the organization
Slide 14 (of 18)
Follow Up Assignment
Individual
Model the logical design of the system based
on given case study
Summary of Main Teaching Points

Techniques
Data Flow Models
Data Flow Diagrams
Context Diagram
Level 0
Level 1
Data Dictionary
Slide 41 (of 43)
Question and Answer Session
Q&A
Slide 42 (of 43)
Next Session
Techniques
Entity Relationship Models
Event Models
Slide 43 (of 43)

07SAAD StructuredMethodTechniques DFD

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Introduction to Structured

Method Techniques Data Flow

Topic & structure of the lesson

CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

Slide 2 (of 43)

CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

Slide 3 (of 43)

Key terms you must be able to use

If you have mastered this topic, you

CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

Slide 4 (of 43)

data flow diagrams

CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

Purpose of Data Flow Diagrams

CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

Slide 5 (of 24)

Data Flow Diagrams

CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

Components of DFD (Yourdon)

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

Slide 9 (of 24)

Components of DFD (Gane & Sarson)

Slide 10 (of 24)

Logical and Physical Data Flow

CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

Steps in developing Data Flow

Create a context diagram which shows external

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

Slide 6 (of 21)

Steps in developing DFD

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

Slide 6 (of 12)

CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

Slide 7 (of 12)

CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

WHAT IS A DATA DICTIONARY ?

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

Slide 5 (of 25)

A DATA DICTIONARY IS USED TO :

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques

Slide 6 (of 25)

Contents of a data dictionary

Figure 11-1 :Contents of the Data Dictionary

Introduction to Structured Method Techniques