Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
N
ChE 155 6L
Hernandez | Macazo | Pacana |
Pacio | Tan | Toledo
DEFINITION
O A separation process wherein heavy
TYPES
1. Centrifugal
Sedimentation
Utilizes centrifugal
force and relies on
the
density
difference of the
two phases in the
fluid
2. Gravity
Sedimentation
Separation of
dilute slurry with
the use of
gravity settling
FUNCTIONAL
OPERATIONS
Thickening
Increases
concentration
of
suspended solids
Used for removal of large amounts
of particles suspended in a liquid
FUNCTIONAL
OPERATIONS
Clarification
Ensures high degree of separation.
Clarified effluent is produced by
removal of suspended particles.
BATCH
SEDIMENTATION
Clear liquid is decanted while sludge is
removed
Involves varying zone heights as time passes
At steady-state, heights of each zone are
equal
Initial rate function of feed concentration
Late stages settling depends on initial
height
(a)
(b)
(d)
(c)
A
(e)
A
B
Z0
Z
D
A Clear Liquid
B Slurry
C CRITICAL SETTLING POINT (point at which
a single interface
forms between clear liquid and sediment)
D Sediments
INITIAL HEIGHT (z0) initial height of the slurry
ULTIMATE HEIGHT (z) - height of the
SEDIMENTATION
ZONES
Particulate Settling
Compression Settling
Particles descend as restrained by
Free/Particulate
Settling
particle
velocity
zc
tc
where:
dz Constant
dz
k f dt Zo = initial height
kf
z
t
o
o
dt
Zc = height at critical point
z c z o k f t c t o
to = initial time
tc = time at critical point
kf = free-settling rate
Hindered Settling
Settling rate decreases and drops
k
dt
crowding
k c z z of
c
zc particles
time t, beyond tc
z z tc
dt
ln z zo ln zc zo kc tc to
z = height at
infinite time
kc = compression
settling rate
Factors Affecting
Sedimentation
1. Particle Size
2. Liquid Viscosity
3. Solid and solution Densities
4. Particle Characteristics in Slurry
microns
Flocculent particles above 20
microns in size
gd
18
gd
18
Factors Affecting
Particle
Movement
Force of Gravity
Density Difference
Drag Force
DESIGN
CALCULATIONS
1 Rate-limiting Layer
Determination
C Z =
L
CO ZO
where:
zo = initial height
co = initial concentration
zi = height the slurry would occupy if all the solids present
were at concentration cL
cL = minimum concentration at which boundary layers interfere
Solid flux
Batch flux
CoLu / A
Underflow flux
Cova
Co
CL
Solids concentration
Cu
SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE
EXPERIMENT
To identify the rate at which the height of
O
OBJECTIVES OF THE
EXPERIMENT
The objectives of the experiment are:
O to determine the effect of slurry
MATERIALS and
METHODS
MATERIALS
o 1000 mL Graduated Cylinder
o Top-loading Balance
o Stirring Rods
o Rulers
o Stopwatch
CaCO3 (Reagent)
o Tap Water (Solvent)
o
METHODS
o Effects of Initial Concentration
o Effects of Initial Height
Effect of Initial
Concentration
Fill 4 identical 1000-mL graduated cylinders with
1.
3.
Effect of Initial
Concentration
Record the height of the interface immediately after
4.
6.
Make twotrials.
Effect of Initial
Concentration
1%
5%
Data Blanks
Ti
me
Volume: ________
(mi
n)
0
1
2
3
10%
15%
Effects of Initial
Height
Fill 4 identical 1000-mL graduated cylinders with
1.
3.
Effects of Initial
Height
Record the height of the interface immediately after
4.
6.
Effect of Initial
Concentration
1ooo
Data Blanks
Ti
mL
Concentration:me
________
(mi
1
2
n)
0
1
2
3
750 mL
1
500
mL
1
250
mL
1
REFERENCES