esson 1 Grammar: Gerunds and infinitives

Gerunds and infinitives basic reminder

Gerunds
Infinitive
1. After preps
1. After adjectives
I gave up smoking last year.
Its difficult to study every day
2. Subject of sentence
Learning English can be fun

2. In order to (why?)
I went to the shops to buy food.

3. After some verbs, e.g. mind,

3. After some verbs, e.g.
decide, suggest.
need.
I dont mind helping you.
I decided to take a walk.

esson 1 Grammar: Gerunds and infinitives

Did you know?
Hate, like, love, prefer and continue can be used with both
the gerund and infinitive. They have a very close meaning.

esson 1 Grammar: Gerunds and infinitives

Using the gerund and infinitive with a difference in meaning:
1. The verb stop
Stop + gerund = to stop a process
I stopped eating too many carbohydrates = I gave up
Stop + to + infinitive = in order to
I stopped to have a sandwich = I stopped what I was doing in
order to eat.
2. Forget
Forget + gerund = a past memory
Ill never forget meeting my first ever teacher.
Forget + infinitive = you need to do something in the future.
Dont forget to lock the door when you leave.

esson 1 Grammar: Gerunds and infinitives

3. Regret
Regret + gerund = something in the past
I regret not taking that first job offer.
Regret + infinitive = something in the present
I regret to inform you your application has not been successful.
4. Keep
Keep + gerund = continue a process
I keep watching the same old movies.
Keep + object + to + infinitive = in order to
I kept his book to read later.

esson 1 Grammar: Gerunds and infinitives

5. Need
Need + gerund = used in the passive form
My hair needs doing.
Need + infinitive = used in the active form
I need to do my hair.
6. Try
Try + gerund = an experiment
Why dont you try watching that new TV series I told you about?
Try + infinitive = make an effort
Why dont you try to do a little bit every day.

esson 1 Grammar: Gerunds and infinitives

1. Decide whether the verb should be in gerund or
infinitive form:
2.

I stopped __________ (eat) too much at weekends.

3.

I know its boring but why dont you try __________ (read) more
educational books?

4.

My house needs __________ (paint).

5.

I regret __________ (inform) you that your blood pressure is

extremely low.

6.

I just cant forget __________ (be) with her. I think Im in love.

esson 1 Grammar: Gerunds and infinitives

2. Decide why these sentences are using the gerund or
infinitive:
1. I stopped to say hello to my neighbour
To stop doing something In order to
2. Im going to try taking up painting.
An experiment
Make an effort
3. I regret lending that money for my friends new business.
Its a complete failure.
An action in the present An action in the past
4. Tell him not to forget to meet us on time. Hes always
late.
A necessity
A past memory

esson 1 Grammar: Gerunds and infinitives

Gerunds and infinitives reminder
1. We use a passive gerund or a passive infinitive to show
actions that are done to the subject:
I dont like being told to be quiet.
I love being waited on sometimes.
Its difficult to get promoted at work.

esson 1 Grammar: Gerunds and infinitives

Gerunds and infinitives reminder
1. We use a passive gerund or a passive infinitive to show
actions that are done to the subject:
I dont like being told to be quiet.
I love being waited on sometimes.
Its difficult to get promoted at work.

esson 1 Grammar: Gerunds and infinitives

2. We use the perfect infinitive after would like, would
rather, would prefer, would love to say that something
didnt happen in the past that you wished had.
I would rather have seen the Prado museum. I didnt care much
for the Reina Sofia.
I would love to have visited Thailand last year.
I would like to have gone there but in the end I didnt make it.

esson 1 Grammar: Gerunds and infinitives

3. We use a perfect gerund or perfect infinitive for emphasising a
completed action or a past action.
Having travelled to a lot of places already makes it easier to
travel to others anywhere in the world.
Its so amazing to have finished school once and for all!
After the party I apologised to her for having taken her jacket by
mistake.

esson 1 Grammar: Gerunds and infinitives

Did you know?
There is very little difference between the simple and
perfect gerund:
He thanked him for helping.
He thanked him for having helped.

esson 1 Grammar: Gerunds and infinitives

4. We use to be + verb + ing to say or imagine that an
action is in progress in the moment of speaking.
Its difficult to be paying attention to you right now. The teacher
is talking.
Hed love to be living in another country.
Do you think she still wants to be lying in bed? She looks really
tired.

esson 1 Grammar: Gerunds and infinitives

Looking at the same sentences again, which sentence goes with
which rule? Write the number.
1.
2.
3.
4.

An action done to the subject.

A regret
Emphasising a completed or past action.
An action/event is in progress at that moment.

______ Id prefer not to have gone with him.

______ She seems to be enjoying that book.
______ Im really pleased to have passed that course.
______ I hate being told what to do.

esson 1 Grammar: Gerunds and infinitives

Read the sentences and fill in the blanks with the correct form of
gerund or infinitive:
1. Id love ____________ (stay) yesterday but I really had to get
home.
2. Look! She seems ____________ (argue) with him.
3. I hate ____________ (shout) at.
4. ____________ (experience) lots of different countries makes it
easier to understand other cultures.

esson 2 Vocabulary and reading: history

Nelson the Trafalgar Hero
my greatest happiness is to serve my gracious King and Country and I am envious
only of glory; for if it be a sin to covet glory I am the most offending soul alive
Captain Horatio Nelson was a very successful naval captain of the 1800s. The
three most famous battles he lead as admiral were; The Nile, Copenhagen and
Trafalgar.
In the battle of Trafalgar, 1805, the British Royal Navy took on both French and
Spanish fleets. Nelsons crushing defeat made history:
There were 38 French and Spanish ships in an addition to 4,000 troops including
riflemen compared to just 32 British ships. Nelsons main force was made up of 8
three decker battleships carrying approximately 90 guns per vessel. Still, the
other fleets carried a lot more guns and crew members.
Even with this major advantage in numbers, Nelsons well thought-out tactics
worked. The British fleet were able to dominate the French and Spanish due to the
way they lined up their ships. They were able to attack from both sides by creating
separate columns, hence why the imposing statue in Trafalgar square today is
called Nelsons column.
Despite his death in the same battle, Nelson remains a national hero and will stand

esson 2 Vocabulary and reading: history

1. What do you think these words from the text mean?
-.Naval
Aquatic

Ground

-.Battle
To be in discussion

A group at war

-.Admiral
Member of a group

The one in command

-.to take on
To finish
To start something

esson 2 Vocabulary and reading: history

-Fleet
A group of guns

A group of ships

-Crushing defeat
To win by a long way To only just win
-Troops
An army of men

People

-Riflemen
Men with swords Men with guns

esson 2 Vocabulary and reading: history

-Decker
Port holes floors
-Vessel
Boat

box

-Crew
Individual team
-Imposing
Dominating

Linear

Talking Point
Do you know any other facts about Nelson?
Do you know about any famous battles?
How about any imposing buildings or statues? Why are they
imposing?
Have you taken on anything recently?

Listening Corner
Do you know any other facts about Nelson?
Do you know about any famous battles?
How about any imposing buildings or statues? Why are they imposing?
Transcript
Ive heard many things about Nelsons personal life as well as his success in several battles.
Im gonna recount a few of the more interesting facts:
Everyone thought that he wore an eye-patch due to an unsightly disfigurement he never
even had one. He was blinded in his right eye but that was as far as that story goes - Its funny
how past events are mythologised.
When he was born he was a very sickly child and he was christened very quickly due to a fear
about his premature death. He did not die as a child of course. He became a very successful
admiral in charge of thousands of men in various battles. He joined the navy as a frail child at
the age of 13 and he suffered from sea sickness throughout all his adult life.
He first marries a young widow but several years later has an affair with a woman with whom
he has an illegitimate child to. Not long after, his final battle with France and Spain ensues,
nelson is hit and dies on board his ship. He is taken back home in a cask of brandy to
preserve his body. Everyone celebrates Britains great victory but mourn the loss of the great
Nelson.
At least these are the things we are told are facts now. Can one ever believe everything they
are told?

Listening Corner
1. How would you describe the speakers attitude towards the facts
she is telling:
-Sceptical
-Optimistic
-Inspired
2. Nelsons eye patch:
-Was necessary because he was blinded
-Wasnt necessary because he was only blinded in his right eye
-Was necessary due to disfigurement
3. Nelsons dead body:
-was thrown over the ship with brandy
-was preserved in a cask of brandy
-was preserved below deck
4. As a child, nelson was:
-Sickly and helpless
-Sickly and scared
-Sickly and frail

Listening Corner
What else did you hear about Nelsons life?
Do you think Nelson was a brave man? If so, why?
Do you think his troops admired him? If so, why?

esson 3 Pronunciation: homographs

What is a homograph?
Words that are spelled the same but have a different meaning and
sometimes have different pronunciation.
There are a few in the English language that are sometimes
mistaken and/or confused and need to be perfected.
Lets take a look at eight of the most common ones.

esson 3 Pronunciation: homographs

1. Desert
Desert to abandon
Desert an area of barren land
2. Bass
Bass a musical instrument
Bass a type of fish
3. Bow
Bow to bend down in front of an audience
Bow the shape of laces when shoes are tied (?)
4. Close
Close to be near
Close to shut something

esson 3 Pronunciation: homographs

Minute
Minute to be extremely small, tiny.
Minute 60 seconds
Tear
Tear produced when you cry
Tear to rip up something
Content
Content happy
Content - material
Use
Use to utilise
Use - function

esson 3 Pronunciation: homographs

Choose the correct word to fit the sentences: Write the
correct letter.
a. Desert

b. Desert

_____ 1. The state of Nevada has a ___ - like climate

a. Bass

b. Bass

_____ 2. ___ is one of my favourite kinds of fish.

a. Minute

b. Minute

_____ 3. This is so _____ I can barely see it

a. Tear
_____ 4. He ____

b. Tear

esson 4

Functional language using idioms part 1

What are idioms?

Why use them?

esson 4

Functional language: using idioms part 1

Idioms quiz ship: Underline the correct answer.

1. When your ship comes in:
-Something very good has happened to you
-Something you have done surprises someone else
-You are starting a journey
2. To run a tight ship means:
-.You care a lot about something
-.You control an organisation or business very strictly
-.You dont let people say anything to you
3. To jump ship means:
-.You are taking many risks
-.You love being active
-.You leave a company that is doing badly to join another
4. When a ship has sailed it means:
-.Your journey is finished
-.You have missed an opportunity
-.You miss a person who has gone away

esson 4

Functional language: using idioms part 1

Put the correct ship idiom in the blank space:

1.
__________________________________________________________________
_

esson 4

Functional language: using idioms part 1

1. Choose a new idiom and start your story with it. E.g.