Standardized Testing: Lyn and Bacon

Standardized Testing
Copyright 2001 by Al
Chapter 14
Overview
Evaluation, Measurement and
Assessment
What Do Test Scores Mean?
Types of Standardized Tests
Issues in Standardized Testing
New Directions in Standardized
Testing
Concept Map for

Chapter 14
New Directions
in Standardized
Testing
Evaluation,
Measurement, &
Assessment
Standardized
Testing
Issues in
Standardized
Testing
Copyright
Copyright 2001 by2001
Allyn andby
BaconAl
Types of
Standardized
Tests
What Do Test
Scores Mean?

Assessment
Basic Terminology
Evaluation: a judgment
Measurement: a number
Assessment: procedure to
gather information
Norm-referenced test
Criterion-referenced testing
Comparing Norm- & CriterionReferenced Tests

Norm-referenced
General
ability
Range of ability
Large groups
Compares people
to people
Selecting top
candidates
Criterion-referenced
Mastery
Basic
skills
Prerequisites
Affective
Psychomotor
Grouping for
instruction
Criterion- or NormReferenced?
Drivers test
Standardized
achievement test
Ed Psych test
Bar exam
Nursing boards
IQ test
Basic Concepts
Standardized test
Norming sample
Frequency distributions
Central tendency
Mean
Median
Mode
/ bimodal
Range
Standard deviation
Frequency Distribution
Histogram
3
2
Students
1
0
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
Scores on Test
80
85
90
95 100
Calculations: What Do the

Numbers Mean?
Mean: The Arithmetic Average

Add up all the
scores
Divide the
total by the
number of
scores
Median
The middle score
**Scores
must be in rank order**

Count up or down to the middle
score
Even number of scores?
Average the two middle scores
Mode
The most frequently occurring
score
Look at the frequency distribution
Identify which score occurs most
often
Bimodal distributions
Range
Report the high
and low score or
Report the
difference
between the
highest and
lowest score
Standard Deviation
Indicates how much the scores
vary from the mean
Based on the mean score
The average of the deviation
from the average score
Calculating Standard Deviation

Calculate the mean:
Subtract the mean

from each score:
Square each difference:
Add all the squared differences:

Divide by the
number of scores:
Find the
square root:
Sample Problems
Calculate the mean, median, mode,

range, and standard deviation for the
following sets of scores:
Reading
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
Arithmetic
76
78
77
71
75
79
72
73
74
Calculations
Reading
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
400
225
100
25
0
25
100
225
400
Arithmetic
76
78
77
71
75
79
72
73
74
+1
+3
+2
-4
0
+4
-3
-2
-1
1
9
4
16
0
16
9
4
1
Calculations continued
Reading
Arithmetic
=12.91
Standard deviations
Completed Calculations
Reading
Mean
= 75
Mode = none
Median = 75
Range = 40
Standard
deviation = 12.91
Arithmetic
Mean
= 75
Mode = none
Median = 75
Range = 8
Standard
deviation = 2.58
Reflection Questions
Based on the calculations in the previous
slides, how much does the mean score tell
you about the performance of the whole
class?
How much do median and modal scores tell a
teacher?
How can you use a standard deviation to help
you in planning for a particular class?
Normal Distributions
The bell curve
Mean, median, mode all at the center of
the curve
50% of scores above the mean
50% of scores below the mean
68% of scores within one standard
deviation from the mean
See Figure 14.2, Woolfolk, p. 528
Normal Distribution with Standard Deviations

Percent of the
population
34%
2%
2%
34%
14%
-3SD
-2SD
Copyright
Copyright 2001 by2001
Allyn andby
BaconAl
-1SD
2%
2%
14%
+1SD
+2SD
+3SD
Standard Deviation Units
Types of Scores
Percentile rank
Grade-equivalent
Standard scores
z scores
T scores
Stanine scores
Standard scores based on standard

deviation
Interpreting Test Scores

Reliability
True score
Standard error
Confidence
intervals
Validity
Content-related
Criterion-related
Construct-related
See Guidelines, Woolfolk, p. 534
Achievement Tests
Measure previous learning
The standardized scores reported:
NS:
National Stanine Score

NCE: National Curve Equivalent
SS: Scale Score
NCR: Raw score
NP: National Percentile
Range: Confidence interval set at 95%
See Figure 14.5, Woolfolk, p. 535
Diagnostic Tests
Identify strengths
and weaknesses
Most often used by
trained
professionals
Elementary teachers
may use for reading,
math
Aptitude Tests
Measure abilities
Used to predict
future performance
SAT/PSAT
ACT/SCAT
IQ and aptitude
Discussing test
scores with families
Issues in Testing
High stakes testing
Uses of testing
Readiness
Minimum and World-Class Standards

High school competency
National standards
Content standards
Performance standards
Opportunity standards
World-Class Standards
See
PointCounterpoint,
Woolfolk,
p.
541
More Issues in Testing

Testing teachers: Praxis Series
Bias and fairness
Culture-fair
& culture-free testing
Coaching & test taking skills

See Guidelines, Woolfolk, p. 545
New Directions in
Standardized Testing
Learning
potential
Authentic
assessments
Constructed
response
formats
Reflection Questions
How would you determine the validity of
a portfolio assessment for high school
students?
How would you determine the reliability
of science projects as an assessment
process for 5th graders?
What testing bias have you encountered
in your educational process?
Summary
Assessment
New Directions in Standardized
Testing
Review Questions
Distinguish among evaluation,
measurement, and assessment.
Distinguish between norm-referenced
and criterion-referenced tests.
Describe the key features of a
standardized test.
What are mean, median, mode, and
standard deviation?
Review Questions
Describe different kinds of scores.
What is test reliability?
What is test validity?
What are three kinds of
standardized tests?
Review Questions
What are some current issues in
testing?
Can students become better testtakers?
What is learning potential
assessment?
What is authentic assessment?
End Chapter 14

Standardized Testing: Lyn and Bacon

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Standardized Testing

Concept Map for

Evaluation, Measurement and

Comparing Norm- & CriterionReferenced Tests

What Do Test Scores Mean?

Calculations: What Do the

Mean: The Arithmetic Average

must be in rank order**

Calculating Standard Deviation

Subtract the mean

Add all the squared differences:

Calculate the mean, median, mode,

Normal Distribution with Standard Deviations

Standard Deviation Units

Standard scores based on standard

Interpreting Test Scores

Types of Standardized Tests

National Stanine Score

See Figure 14.5, Woolfolk, p. 535

Issues in Standardized Testing

Minimum and World-Class Standards

More Issues in Testing

& culture-free testing

Coaching & test taking skills

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