Tension Members

Design of Tension Members
Dr R SENTHIL
ASSOCIATE PROFESOR
9444806686
senthilr68@gmail.com
Introduction
Applications
Purlin
Sag Rod
Rafter
Top chord
Tie
Roof Truss
Roof Purlin System
Suspenders
Bracings
Braced Frame
Suspended Building
Tension
Tension Members
Members in
in Buildings
Buildings
2
Workshop on IS 800 : 2007, BHEL, New Delhi, 29 Dec 2008 02 Jan 2009
Introduction
Cross Sections used
Single & Double Angles
Rod
Channel
I-Section
(Joist / Beam)
Cable
Built-up Sections
3
Introduction
Material
E = 200 GPa
fy / fu 0.6 0.85
fu
High Strength Steel

fy
fu
Small elongation
Mild Steel
fy = 250
0 0.00125
0.2%
Large elongation
0.012
0.015
0.23 0.25
Common
Common Steels
Steels
4
Section Design in Tension
Behaviour in Tension
Plate
fu
fy
2 possible Limit States

Yielding
Ultimate (Rupture)
Important:
Important:
Yielding
Yielding of
of Gross
Gross Area
Area
f
Behaviour in Tension
Plate with Hole
fu
fy
Important:
Important:
Rupture
Rupture of
of Net
Net Area
Area
2 possible Limit States

Yielding
Ultimate (Rupture)
fy
fu
Elastic
7
Elasto-Plastic
Plastic
Design Strategy for Tension

Gross Area Design Strength Tdg
Tdg = fy Ag / m0
(m0 = 1.15)
Ag = Gross cross-sectional area
Net Area Design Strength Tdn
fu
Tdn = fu An / m1 (0.9
m1 = 1.25)
0.9 factor:: Statistical evaluation of test data

An = Net area ??
Plastic
8
Net Area
Plate with Holes
t
Courtesy:: Georgia Inst Tech
Net Area Ann = (b d) t
d
g
Net Area Ann = (b 2d) t
Net Area
Plate with Holes

t
d
g
Net Area Ann = (b 2d)

d) t t
l
t
d
g
(b 2d) t < Ann < (b d) t

p
10
Ann = ??
Net Area
Plate with Multiple Holes

t
d
g
g
Ann = [b nd + (p22/4g)] t
p
p2/4g
for all inclined parts of the section
All possible failure paths to be investigated

Minimum net area to be used in design
Tensile strength
11
Net Area
Three types of Bolt Holes
(Table 19, pp 73)
Standard clearance hole

Over size hole
Slotted hole
Short
Long
18
18
20
Standard
(STD)
Oversized
(OVS)
22
Short-slotted
(SSL)
56
Long-slotted
(LSL)
Different holes for 16mm (nominal) diameter bolt

12
Net Area
Punctured Bolt Holes
(Cl 3.6.1, pp 17)
2 mm excess of actual diameter

t
d
g
g
Ann = [b nd + (p22/4g)] t
p
p2/4g
for all inclined parts of the section
All possible failure paths to be investigated

Minimum net area to be used in design
13
Design Strategy for Tension

Gross Area Design Strength Tdg
Tdg = fy Ag / m0
(m0 = 1.15)
Ag = Gross cross-sectional area
Net Area Design Strength Tdn

Tdn = 0.9 fu An / m1
(m1 = 1.25)
An = Net area
14
Block Shear
Plates
More than one bolt line
Courtesy:: Georgia Inst Tech
Shear Planes
Tension Plane
15
Bolt shear strength and plate bearing strength are

higher
Design Strategy for Block Shear

Gross and Net Areas in Tension & Shear
16
Yield in Tension (Atg

)
tg
Yield in Shear (Avg
)
vg
Rupture in Tension (Atn

)
tn
Yield in Shear (Avg
)
vg
Yield in Tension (Atg)

Rupture in Shear (Avn
)
vn
Rupture in Tension (Atn

)
tn
Rupture in Shear (Avn
)
vn

Interaction of
Normal stress (Tensile) & Shear stress
von Mises yield criterion
Design Shear Strength at Yield

y
17
Block Shear Design Strength Tdb is smaller of

Avg (fy / 3) / m0 + 0.9 Atn fu / m1
Yield of Gross area in shear
Rupture of Net area in tension
or
0.9 Avn (fu / 3) / m1 +

Rupture of Net area in shear
Atg fy / m0
Yield of Gross area in tension
Assumption
When one (either) plane reaches ultimate strength, the
other plane develops full yield
18
Non-Uniform Stress
More stress near restraint
Less stress near un-restrained / free ends
T/2
19
T/2
T / Ag
Shear Lag
Channels
Both legs connected
Part of cross-section NOT effective

Less Stressed
Gusset Plate
20
Shear Lag
Angles
Single leg connected
Eccentrically loaded through gusset plates
Free,
Un-stiffened,
Un-connected end
Part of cross-section NOT effective

Less Stressed
Gusset Plate
21
Shear Lag
Effects of Shear Lag

Strength reduction
Part of cross-section ineffective (less stressed)
Consider in Design
Factors affecting / causing Shear Lag

Outstand (unconnected part)
More outstand more shear lag
Thin / slender outstand more shear lag
Connection stiffness
Flexible connection more shear lag
Single leg connection versus both leg connection
One bolt versus multiple bolt connection
22
Angles in Tension
Design Strategy
Yielding of gross section
Rupture of net section
Block shear
23
Angles in Tension

Tdn = 0.9 Anc fu / m1 + Ago fy / m0
Anc = Net area of the connected leg
Ago = Gross area of the unconnected leg
24
= reduction factor based on contribution of

unconnected outstand
Angles in Tension

Tdn = 0.9 Anc fu / m1 + Ago fy / m0
w1
bs = w + w1 - t
25
bs = w
Angles in Tension

Limits of ( Ago fy / m0)
Upper limit: Ago fu / m1
Full unconnected length rupture
Lower limit: 0.7 Ago fy / m0

70% of unconnected length yielding
26
Angles in Tension

Tdn = An fu / m1
Approximate Estimate
27
Case
One or two bolts
0.6
Three bolts
0.7
Four or more bolts
0.8
Weld
0.8
Angles in Tension
Block Shear
Shear Plane
Tension Plane
28
Welded Tension Members

No Net Area
No reduction of area due to bolt holes
Design strength based on Gross Area only
29
Threaded Rods in Tension

Design Strategy
Yielding of gross section
Ag fy / m0
Courtesy:: AISC
0.9 An fu / m1
f fy
fy
fu
d root
d gross
30
Elastic
Elasto-Plastic
Plastic
Member Design in Tension
Stiffness Requirements
Case
Maximum l/r limit
Pretensioned Members
(always in tension)
Members under tension only
No Limit
400
(not always in tension!)
Not designed for compression

under stress reversal
350
Designed for compression

understress reversal
250
(may also be in some compression!!)
(will also be in compression)

32
Stiffness Requirements
Serviceability Limit State

To control
Deflection
Vibration
To facilitate
Ease of handling
Transportation and erection requirements
Minimization of damage during fabrication
Do Not affect Strength of the member
33
Design Steps
Factored Design Force Demand T
Calculate
Ag req = T / (fy / m0)
An req = T / (fu / m1)
Choose a trial section
Analyse for its strength Td

Ensure Td > T (Capacity > Demand)
Check l/r to be within prescribed limits

Efficiency = T / (Ag fy / m0)
34
Design Steps
Efficiency = T / (Ag fy / m0)

100% Efficiency
Gross Area Yielding
Welded connection
Bolted Connection
Efficiency may reduce due to

Bolt holes
Net area rupture governing
Shear lag
Block shear
35
Summary
Tension Members
Efficient load carrying members
Efficiency may reduce due to
Bolt holes
Shear lag
Block shear
36
IS 800: 2007
Section 6 (page 32 33)
37
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Tension Members
Design Strength due to Yielding of Gross Section
Design Strength due to Rupture of Critical Section
Design Strength due to Block Shear
Thank You
38

Tension Members

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Design of Tension Members

Roof Purlin System

Cross Sections used

Single & Double Angles

High Strength Steel

Section Design in Tension

2 possible Limit States

Plate with Hole

2 possible Limit States

Design Strategy for Tension

Ag = Gross cross-sectional area

Net Area Design Strength Tdn

0.9 factor:: Statistical evaluation of test data

Courtesy:: Georgia Inst Tech

Net Area Ann = (b d) t

Net Area Ann = (b 2d) t

Plate with Holes

Net Area Ann = (b 2d)

(b 2d) t < Ann < (b d) t

Plate with Multiple Holes

All possible failure paths to be investigated

Three types of Bolt Holes

(Table 19, pp 73)

Standard clearance hole

Different holes for 16mm (nominal) diameter bolt

Punctured Bolt Holes

(Cl 3.6.1, pp 17)

2 mm excess of actual diameter

All possible failure paths to be investigated

Design Strategy for Tension

Ag = Gross cross-sectional area

Net Area Design Strength Tdn

Bolt shear strength and plate bearing strength are

Design Strategy for Block Shear

Yield in Tension (Atg

Rupture in Tension (Atn

Yield in Tension (Atg)

Rupture in Tension (Atn

Design Strategy for Block Shear

Design Shear Strength at Yield

Design Strategy for Block Shear

Block Shear Design Strength Tdb is smaller of

Rupture of Net area in tension

0.9 Avn (fu / 3) / m1 +

Part of cross-section NOT effective

Part of cross-section NOT effective

Effects of Shear Lag

Factors affecting / causing Shear Lag

Rupture of net section

= reduction factor based on contribution of

Rupture of net section

Rupture of net section

Lower limit: 0.7 Ago fy / m0

Rupture of net section

One or two bolts

Four or more bolts

Welded Tension Members

Threaded Rods in Tension

Rupture of net section

Member Design in Tension

Maximum l/r limit

Members under tension only

(not always in tension!)

Not designed for compression