How is programming like a translation process? What aspects of programming do not depend on the programming language used? What are the four generations of programming languages? What are some of the other important developments in programming? What are operating systems, and why should managers and users care about them? What is the most basic limitation of programming?
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Opening Case: Microsoft
Maintains control over the software
development process, while allowing small teams to work independently
Synch and stabilize
The daily build a daily test to check whether the most recently debugged version of all the separate modules are still operating correctly Alter Information
Thinking About the Current Limits
of Software
Software can be developed for situations
where the rules are explicit and well understood Still not possible to make the computer mimic a 4-year-old
Cannot describe all the factors and how they
interact Cannot fully describe context Alter Information
Types of Software Figure 9.1
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Programming Viewed As a Business Process
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ed.
Programming As a Translation Process Figure 9.2
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Organizing Ideas
Successive decomposition (also known
as stepwise refinement) programs are divided into small subprograms called modules
Self-contained subsystems that produce
predictable outputs from known inputs
Structured programming a disciplined
style of programming based on successive decomposition Alter Information
Figure 9.3
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Testing Programs
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The process of determining whether a
program or system operates in the desired manner Bug a flaw in the program Syntax errors incorrect use of the programming language Logic errors bugs that cause a syntactically correct program to perform incorrect processing Alter Information
The Changing Nature of
Programming
Greater nonprocedurality
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Procedural program a program that
specifies how something should be done Nonprocedural program a program that specifies what should be accomplished Nonprocedural programs are easier to develop
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Greater modularity and reusability
Greater machine and data independence
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Reusability using preexisting modules when
developing new programs Machine independence programs can be executed under different operating system and on machines from different vendors Data independence possible to change the way the data are physically stored without changing the program Alter Information
Tighter links between analysis and
programming
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Eliminating steps between the expression of
what people want (analysis) and the instructions for the computer (programming) Computer aided software engineering (CASE) tools
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The Trend Toward ObjectOriented Programming (OOP)
Objects vs. classes
Objects are things about which data exist
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The object is made up of both data and actions
that can be performed with the data A class is a general description of a related set of objects Classes are organized in hierarchies A class inherits both the data and the actions of the parent class Alter Information
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All actions are controlled by messages
passed between objects Object orientation is becoming increasingly popular Most popular object-oriented programming languages: C++ and Java
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Four Generations of Programming Languages
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Alter Information Systems 4th
ed.
Machine Languages
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The internal programming language for
a particular chip The only language the processor can understand Very difficult for humans to use
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Assembly Languages
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Are automatically translated into machine
language by assembler programs Makes programs easier to write because it avoids the problem of physical references Still very laborious and error-prone
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High Level Languages
Also known as third generation languages
(3GLs) The source code is translated into the object code (machine language) by a COMPILER
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The translation can also be accomplished by
an INTERPRETER, which translates and executes each line of code (no object code is created) Alter Information
Fourth Generation Languages
(4GLs)
A loosely defined group of programming
languages that permit nonprogrammers to do programming work Main categories:
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Query languages Report generators
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Other Major Developments in
Programming
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Special purpose languages
Spreadsheets Computer aided software engineering systems (CASE)
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Operating Systems
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Alter Information Systems 4th
ed.
Complex programs that control the
operation of computers and networks
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Control the execution of other programs
Control communication with peripherals Control the use of computer resources, such as disk space
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Operating Systems for Personal
Computers
Functions:
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Controlling the user interface
Controlling tasks in progress Controlling access to data Allocating resources
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Operating Systems for Multiuser
Computer Systems
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Monitor the current status and decide
when to start jobs Network operating system establishes the links, monitors the operation, and controls recovery processes
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Why Operating Systems Are
Important
They can lock in some applications, while
locking others out May raise antitrust issues
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Microsoft
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Steps Toward Making Computers
Intelligent
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Artificial intelligence the field of
research dedicated to the demonstration of intelligence by machines Most basic limitation: not knowing how to program common sense Attempts to make computers understand natural languages Alter Information
