Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Aerodynamic drag is exerted on an object when fluid flow passes through it. This
force is due to a combination of the shear and pressure forces acting on the
surface of the object. The determination of these forces is difficult since it
involves the measurement of both velocity and pressure fields near the surface of
the object. However, based on the momentum balance concept, this force can also
be determined as carrying out the momentum balance around the object. Drag
force on a circular cylinder (unit width 1m) will be given here as an example. As
shown below, velocity profiles before and after the cylinder are measured.
Determine the drag force acting on the cylinder by assuming uniform pressure at
the measuring stations.
Vin=50 m/s
(2)
y
|y|>1
1 m u(y)=50 (m/s),
=20+30|y| (m/s), |y|1
(5)
x
(1)
(4)
(3)
Mass Conservation
Obviously, since there is more mass flows into (1) than that flows out of (3).
Their difference is the mass flow out of surface (2). If there is mass flow then
the momentum flow is nozero. Use mass conservation:
mass flow in (1) = mass flow out (2) + mass flow out (3)
r r
V dA 0,
CS
r r
V dA
(1)
(2)
r r
V dA
r r
V dA 0,
(3)
&1 m
&2 m
&3 0
or m
V1 A1 m&2
yH
Momentum Conservation
The force acting on the cylinder can be evaluated
using the linear momentum balance:
r r
r
r r r
FS FB
Vd V (V dA) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
t CV
CS
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Only need to evaluate the force in the x direction:
( P ) dA P dA P dA (
x
(5)
(1)
(3)
(1)
Rx Patm A1 Patm A3 V dA
2
1
(1)
(2)
r r r
V (V dA)
(2)
(3)
V 2 dA
(3)