Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Sciences
2011
Theories of
Personality
Development
Outcomes
Emotion
Mood
Temperament
refers to the innate aspects of an
individual's personality, such as
introversion orextroversion.
Temperamen
t
Temperamen
t
Personality
A dynamic and organized set of
characteristics possessed by a
person that uniquely influences his or
hercognitions, motivations,
andbehaviorsin various situations .
Personality
The word "personality" originates
from theLatinpersona, which
meansmask.
Personality
In thetheatreof the
ancient Latinspeaking world,
themaskwas not
used as a plot device
todisguisetheidenti
tyof a character, but
rather was a
common method
used to represent
ortypifya character.
Human
Development
Stages
Infancy
birth to 15 months:
Bonding of parent to infant
Bonding increases by physical contact
between the caregiver and the infant
The main task of infant is the
formation of intimate attachment to
the primary caregiver, usually mother.
Toddler
years
Pre-school
child
2.5 6 years
Should be able to stay away from mother
for some time
Separation anxiety disorder
Increased vocabulary- two word sentences
Bathroom profanity
Sibling rivalry- may show regression
Can distinguish between fantasy and reality
6 years
7 11 years
Prefers to play with children of same
sex
Identifies with parent of same sex
Develops relations with people of
same sex (e.g. teachers)
Little or no interest in psychosexual
issues
Has a sense of moral values
Early
Adolescence
11 14 years
Development of primary and
secondary sexual characteristics
First menstruation and first
ejaculation
Strong sensitivity to peer opinion
No clash with parental authority
14 17 years
Interest in gender roles, body image,
popularity
Crushes
Develop an identity (fashion)
Challenging parental rules
Risk taking behavior
Omnipotence
Late Adolescence
17 20 years
Can do self-critique
Can be concerned with world
problems
Some develop ability of abstract
reasoning
Identity crisis- criminal behavior
Early
Adulthood
20 40 years
Needs intimacy
Stable relationships
Settling down
Career growth
Middle
Adulthood
40 65
Has power and authority
Has a sense of productivity or emptiness
Mid life crisis:
Increased sense of aging, death
Late Adulthood
65 and beyond
Decreased physical and mental functions
Sense of satisfaction and pride or despair
and worthlessness
Sleep pattern changes
Anxiety
Depression
Suicide is common
Theories of
Human
Developmen
t
Erik Erikson
Erik Homburger Erikson(June15,1902
May12,1994)wasaDanish-GermanAmericandevelopmentalpsychologist
andpsychoanalystknownforhistheoryon
socialdevelopmentofhumanbeings.
Hemaybemostfamousforcoiningthe
phraseidentity crisis
Sigmund
Freud
Defense Mechanisms
Humans use to blur or become blind
to the truth and avoid feeling the
pain that may come along with truths
people dont want to face
The Stages
Theoral stage: birth to about 18
months.
The focus of pleasure is, of course,
the mouth.
Sucking and biting are favorite
activities.
Structural model
of the Psyche
Id,
Ego and
Superego
Id
Id comprises the unorganized part of
the personality structure that
contains the basic drives.
The id acts as a pleasure principle: it
seeks immediate enjoyment
Pleasure
Principle
Ego
In modern-day society, ego has many
meanings.
It could mean ones self-esteem; an
inflated sense of self-worth; or in
philosophical terms, ones self.
According to Freud, the ego is the
part of the mind which contains the
consciousness.
Reality Principle
compels one to postpone
instantgratificationwhen
necessary because of the obstacles of
reality.
It is the governing principle of theegoand
stands in opposition to thepleasure
principleof
theid.
Super-ego
The Super-ego aims for perfection.
It comprises that organized part of the
personality structure, mainly
unconscious, that includes the
individual'sego ideals, spiritual goals,
and 'conscience.
It criticizes and prohibits his or her
drives, fantasies, feelings, and actions.
Defense
Mechanisms
Affiliation :
Involves turning to other people for
support.
Acting out:
The individual copes with stress by
engaging in
actions rather than reflecting upon
internal
feelings.
Avoidance:
Refusing to deal with or encounter
unpleasant
objects or situations.
Compensation:
Overachieving in one area to
compensate for
failures in another.
Denial:
Refusal to accept external reality
because it is too threatening; arguing
against an anxiety-provoking
stimulus by stating it doesn't exist.
Displacement:
is the redirection of an impulse onto a
substitute target.
Humor:
Expressing personally uncomfortable
feelings
without causing emotional discomfort
( a relatively mature defense
mechanism)
Projection:
where a person's personal
attributes, unacceptable or unwanted
thoughts, and/or emotions are
ascribed onto another person or
people.
Regression :
Temporary reversion of the ego to an
earlier stage of development rather
than handling unacceptable impulses
in a more adult way
Rationalization:
explaining an unacceptable behavior
or feeling in a rational or logical
manner, avoiding the true
explanation for the behavior.
Reaction formation:
reduces anxiety by taking up the
opposite feeling, impulse, or
behavior.
An example of reaction formation would be treating someone
you strongly
dislike in an excessively friendly manner in order to hide your
true feelings.
Suppression :
the process of deliberately trying to
stop thinking about certain thoughts
in which a sufferer will repeatedly
(usually unsuccessfully) attempt to
prevent or "neutralize" intrusive
distressing thoughts
Undoing:
involves "magical" gestures or
rituals that are meant to cancel out
unpleasant thoughts or feelings after
they've already occurred.
depression
is often the result of
the anger we refuse
to acknowledge is
A childhood full of
neglect,
abuse, and/ or tragedy
tends to
lead to an unhappy adult.
Thank
You