SOCIAL AND MEDICAL

IMPLICATIONS
DEFINITION/SYNONYMS

FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING (FGC):

SOCIAL AND MEDICAL IMPLICATIONS
DEFINITIONS/ SYNONYMS

Akin-Tunde Ademola
Odukogbe. Ibadan, 2004.

SOCIAL AND MEDICAL

IMPLICATIONS
INTRODUCTION
TYPES
Type I. Clitoral hood.
Type II. Clitoris, part or all of the labia minora.
Type III. Part or all of the external genitalia. Infibulation.
Type IV. Manipulation of vulva.Corrosive substances into
the
vagina.
REASONS FOR COMPLICATIONS
1. Poor knowledge of human anatomy.
2. Non-use of anaesthesia.
3. Poor surgical techniques, facilities, infection control
methods.
4. Lack of proper postoperative
care.
Akin-Tunde Ademola
Odukogbe. Ibadan, 2004.
3
5. Illegality.

SOCIAL AND MEDICAL

IMPLICATIONS
COMPLICATIONS
MEDICAL
1. Pain
2. Primary and secondary haemorrhage
3. Infection including tetanus
4. Urinary retention with urinary tract infection
5. Urinary / fecal incontinence
6. Clitoridal (epidermal) retention cyst
7. Gynaetresia with dyspareunia / apareunia
8. Cryptomenorrhoea
9. Transmission of hepatitis, HIV / AIDS
10. Vulval agglutination
Akin-Tunde Ademola
Odukogbe. Ibadan, 2004.

SOCIAL AND MEDICAL

IMPLICATIONS
11. Obstetric complications with obstructed labour and
post
partum haemorrhage
12. Abscesses
13. Shock
14. Infertility
15. Death
SOCIAL
1. Non attainment of sexual potential. Frigidity
2. Lack of trust
3. Enslavement
4. Marital dysharmony
Akin-Tunde Ademola
Odukogbe. Ibadan, 2004.

SOCIAL AND MEDICAL

IMPLICATIONS
MORAL ISSUES
1. Men circumcised not to reduce urge. Gender inequality
2. Decisions not made by the women concerned
3. Portends other abuses preferential education, poor
nourishment, child labour, early and forced marriage, widowhood,
denial of rights (land ownership, bailing, inheritance)
MANAGING THE COMPLICATIONS
EARLY
Pain relief
Antibiotics
Suturing
Lavage, debridement
Antitetanus injections
Sitz baths
Blood transfusion
Akin-Tunde Ademola
Odukogbe. Ibadan, 2004.

SOCIAL AND MEDICAL

IMPLICATIONS

MEDIUM TERM

Vaseline / sofratulle (gauze) dressing

Skin grafting

LONGTERM

Enucleation or excision of cysts

Separation of agglutination
Reconstructive surgery (vaginoplasty, deinfibulation)
Elective / emergency caesarean section
Hysterectomy
Fistula repair
Assisted reproductive technics

PSYCHOSEXUALAkin-Tunde
THERAPY
Ademola
Odukogbe. Ibadan, 2004.

SOCIAL AND MEDICAL

IMPLICATIONS
OUR STUDY
Female Genital Mutilation Post circumcision Vulval
Complications in Nigerians.
A.O.Adekunle, F.A.Fakokunde, A.A.Odukogbe, A.O.Fawole.
Journ Obst Gynae (1999) Vol. 19, No. 6, 632 635.

39 cases from January 1988 December 1997.

Labial adhesions (51.3%): Ages 0-14, mean 4, mode 1-4 years.
Clitoral cysts (48.7%): Ages 1-22, mean 10, mode 5-9 years.
Five (12.8%) had difficulty with micturition.
Excision of clitoral cysts and separation of labial adhesions.
Akin-Tunde Ademola
Odukogbe. Ibadan, 2004.

SOCIAL AND MEDICAL

IMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

ORGANIZATIONS STUDYING, CREATING

AWARENESS, INTERVENING:
World Health Organization African Regional Plan Of Action To
Accelerate The Elimination of FGM In Africa. March 1997.
Inter African Committee Against Harmful Traditional Practices
(IAC). Dakar, Senegal 1984.
Mandalaeo Ya Wanawake In Kenya.
NOW In Nigeria.
New Woman In Egypt.
Convention To Eliminate All Forms Of Discrimination Against
Women.
Convention On The Rights Of The Child.
African Charter On The Rights And Welfare Of The Child.
Akin-Tunde
Ademola
International Conference
On Population
And Development. Cairo
Odukogbe. Ibadan, 2004.
9
1994.

SOCIAL AND MEDICAL

IMPLICATIONS

10. Platform Of The Fourth World Conference On Women. Beijing

1995.
11. National Association Of Nigerian Nurses And Midwives.
12. Population Action International.
13. Program For Appropriate Technology In Health.
14. Research Action And Information Network For Bodily Integrity Of
Women (RAINBO).
15. Several others.
CULTURALLY SENSITIVE EDUCATION.
SUPPORT OF LOCAL ACTIVISTS GROUPS WITH FUNDING,
TRAINING
AND TECHNICAL EXPERTISE.
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE STATUS OF WOMEN IN THE SOCIETY.
Akin-Tunde Ademola
Odukogbe. Ibadan, 2004.
???LEGISLATION.

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SOCIAL AND MEDICAL

IMPLICATIONS
UNITY

11

SOCIAL AND MEDICAL

IMPLICATIONS

THANK YOU
Akin-Tunde Ademola
Odukogbe. Ibadan, 2004.

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