CE 319 F

Daene McKinney

Elementary Mechanics of Fluids

Flow in
Pipes

Reynolds Experiment

Reynolds Number

Laminar flow: Fluid moves in smooth

streamlines
Turbulent flow: Violent mixing, fluid
velocity at a point varies randomly with time
Transition to turbulence in a 2 in. pipe is at
V=2 ft/s, so most pipe flows are turbulent

Laminar

Turbulent

2000
Laminar flow
hf V
VD
Re
2000 4000 Transition flow

4000
Turbulent f low h f V 2

Shear Stress in Pipes

Steady, uniform flow in a pipe: momentum

flux is zero and pressure distribution across
pipe is hydrostatic, equilibrium exists
between pressure, gravity and shear forces
dp
s ) A W sin 0 (D ) s
ds
dp
dz
0
sA As 0 (D ) s
ds
ds
D
d
p
0 [ ( z )]
4 ds
D dh
0
4 ds
4 L 0
h1 h2 h f
D
Fs 0 pA ( p

Since h is constant across the cross-section of

the pipe (hydrostatic), and dh/ds>0, then the
shear stress will be zero at the center (r = 0)
and increase linearly to a maximum at the wall.
Head loss is due to the shear stress.

Applicable to either laminar or turbulent flow

Now we need a relationship for the shear
stress in terms of the Re and pipe roughness

Darcy-Weisbach Equation

ML-1T-2

ML-

LT-1

ML-1T-1

0 F ( , V , , D, e)
4 F ( 1 , 2 )
Repeating variables : , V , D

e
1 Re; 2 ; 3 0 2
D
V
0

e
F (Re, )
D
V 2
e
0 V 2 F (Re, )
D

hf

4L
0
D

4L
e
V 2 F (Re, )
D
D

L V2

D 2g

hf f

L V2
D 2g

e
8F (Re, D )

Darcy-Weisbach Eq.

f 8F (Re,

e
)
D

Friction factor

Laminar Flow in Pipes

Laminar flow -- Newtons law of viscosity is valid:

dV
r dh

dy
2 ds
dV

dr
r dh

2 ds
r dh

dr
2 ds

dV
dy
dV
dr
dV
V

r 2 dh
C 0
4 ds

r 2 dh
C
4 ds

r
r 2 dh
1

V 0
r
4 ds
0

V Vmax 1
r

Velocity distribution in a pipe (laminar flow)

is parabolic with maximum at center.

Discharge in Laminar Flow

dh 2
( r0 r 2 )
4 ds
dh 2
Q VdA 0r0
( r0 r 2 )( 2rdr )
4 ds
V

dh ( r 2 r02 ) 2

4 ds
2

r04 dh
8 ds

D 4 dh

128 ds
V

Q
A

D 2 dh
32 ds

r0
0

Head Loss in Laminar Flow

D 2 dh
32 ds
dh
32
V
ds
D 2
32
dh V
ds
D 2
32
h2 h1 V
( s2 s1 )
D 2
h1 h2 h f
V

hf

32 LV

D 2

hf

32 LV

D 2
32 LV V 2 / 2

D 2 V 2 / 2

L
64(
)( ) V 2 / 2
V D D
64 L

( ) V 2 / 2
Re D
hf f

L V 2
D 2

64
Re

Nikuradses Experiments

In general, friction factor

f F (Re,

e
)
D

Function of Re and roughness

Laminar region
64
f
Re

Re

1/ 4

Rough

Blausius

Independent of roughness

Turbulent region

Smooth pipe curve

All curves coincide @

~Re=2300

64
Re

Rough pipe zone

All rough pipe curves flatten

out and become independent
of Re

Blausius OK for smooth pipe

0.25
e
5.74

log10
3.7 D Re 0.9

Laminar

Transition

Turbulent

Smooth

Moody Diagram

Pipe Entrance

Developing flow

Includes boundary layer and core,

viscous effects grow inward from the
wall

Fully developed flow

Shape of velocity profile is same at all

points along pipe
Pressure

Le 0.06 Re

D 4.4Re1/6

Laminar flow
Turbulent flow

Fully developed
flow region

Entrance length Le

Entrance
pressure drop

Region of linear
pressure drop
Le

Entrance Loss in a Pipe

In addition to frictional losses, there are minor

losses due to

Entrances or exits
Expansions or contractions
Bends, elbows, tees, and other fittings
Valves

Losses generally determined by experiment

and then corellated with pipe flow
characteristics
Loss coefficients are generally given as the
ratio of head loss to velocity head
K

hL

V2
2g

or

V2
hL K
2g

K loss coefficent

K ~ 0.1 for well-rounded inlet (high Re)

K ~ 1.0 abrupt pipe outlet
K ~ 0.5 abrupt pipe inlet

Abrupt inlet, K ~ 0.5

Elbow Loss in a Pipe

A piping system may have many minor losses

which are all correlated to V2/2g
Sum them up to a total system loss for pipes
of the same diameter
hL h f hm
m

Where,

V2
2g

L
f D Km
m

hL Total head loss

h f Frictional head loss
hm Minor head loss for fitting m
K m Minor head loss coefficien t for fitting m

EGL & HGL for Losses in a Pipe

Entrances, bends, and other flow transitions

cause the EGL to drop an amount equal to the
head loss produced by the transition.
EGL is steeper at entrance than it is
downstream of there where the slope is equal
the frictional head loss in the pipe.
The HGL also drops sharply downstream of
an entrance

Ex(10.2)
Given: Liquid in pipe has = 8 kN/m3. Acceleration = 0.
D = 1 cm, = 3x10-3 N-m/s2.
Find: Is fluid stationary, moving up, or moving down?
What is the mean velocity?
Solution: Energy eq. from z = 0 to z = 10 m
V12 p1
V22 p2
1

z1 hL 2

z2
2g
2g

200,000
110,000
hL
10
8000
8000
90
hL
10
8
hL 1.25 m (moving upward)
hL

32 LV
D 2

D 2
V hL
32 L
V 1.25

8000*( 0.01 )2

32*3x10 -3*10
V 1.04 m / s

Ex (10.4)

Given: Oil (S = 0.97, m = 10-2 lbf-s/ft2) in 2

in pipe, Q = 0.25 cfs.
Find: Pressure drop per 100 ft of horizontal
pipe.
Solution:
Q
0.25

11.46 ft / s
A ( 2 / 12) 2 / 4
VD 0.97 * 1 / 94 * 11.46 * ( 2 / 12)
Re

360 (laminar)

10 2
32 LV 32*10-2*100*11.46
p

91.7 psi/100 ft
D2
( 2 / 12 )2

Ex. (10.8)
Given: Kerosene (S=0.94, =0.048 N-s/m2). Horizontal 5cm pipe. Q=2x10-3 m3/s.
Find: Pressure drop per 10 m of pipe.
Solution:
V2 p
V2 p
1 1 1 z1 hL 2 2 2 z 2
2g

2g

32 LV
hL
D 2
0 0 0.5

32 LV

V22
2
00
2g

D 2
2 2 32 L
V2
V 0.5 0
2g
D 2

2 2
32 * 4 * 10 5 * 10
V2
V 0.5 0
2g
0.8 * 62.4 * (1 / 32) 2
V22 8.45V 16.1 0
V 1.60 ft / s
0.8 * 1.94 * 1.6 * (0.25 / 12)
Re
1293 (laminar)
4 * 10 5
Q V * A 1.6 * * (0.25/12) 2 / 4 1.23 * 10 3 cfs

Ex. (10.34)
Given: Glycerin@ 20oC flows commercial steel
pipe.
Find: h
Solution: 12,300 N / m, 0.62 Ns / m 2
V2 p
V2 p
1 1 1 z1 hL 2 2 2 z 2
2g

2g

p1
p
z1 hL 2 z 2

p
p
h 1 z1 ( 2 z 2 ) hL

VD VD 0.6 * 0.02
Re

23.5 (laminar)

5.1 * 10 4
32 LV 32(0.62)(1)(0.6)
h h L

2.42 m
D 2
12,300 * (0.02) 2

Ex. (10.43)
Given: Figure
Find: Estimate the elevation required in the upper
reservoir to produce a water discharge of 10 cfs in the
system. What is the minimum pressure in the
pipeline and what is the pressure there?
Solution:

V2 p
V2 p
1 1 1 z1 hL 2 2 2 z 2
2g

2g

0 0 z1 hL 0 0 z 2

V2 p
V2 p
1 1 1 z1 hL b b b zb
2g

2g

V2 p
0 0 z1 hL 1 * b b zb
2g

L V2

hL K e 2 K b K E f
D 2g

K e 0.5; K b 0.4 (assumed); K E 1.0; f

L
430
0.025 *
10.75
D
1

Q
10
V
12.73 ft / s
A / 4 * 12
z1 100 0.5 2 * 0.4 1.0 10.75

12.732
133 ft
2 * 32.2

pb
V2
L V2
z1 zb b K e K b f

2g
D 2g
300 12.732

133 110 .7 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.025

1 2 * 32.2

1.35 ft
pb 62.4 * ( 1.53) 0.59 psig
Re

VD
12.73 * 1

9 * 105
5

1.14 * 10

Ex. (10.68)
Given: Commercial steel pipe to carry 300 cfs of water at
60oF with a head loss of 1 ft per 1000 ft of pipe.
Assume pipe sizes are available in even sizes when
the diameters are expressed in inches (i.e., 10 in, 12
in, etc.).
Find: Diameter.
Solution:
1.22 x10 5 ft 2 / s; k 1.5 x10 4 ft

Relative roughness:

Get better estimate of f

Re

Assume f = 0.015
hf f

L V2
D 2g

1000 (Q /( / 4) D 2 ) 2
1 0.015 *
D
2g
33,984
1
D5
D 8.06 ft

k s 1.5 x10 4

0.00002
D
8.06

VD

( / 4) D 2

Re

Q
( / 4) D
300

( / 4)(8.06)1.22 x10

f=0.010
1

22,656

D5
D 7.43 ft 89 in.

Use a 90 in pipe

3.9 x106

Ex. (10.81)
Given: The pressure at a water main is 300 kPa gage.
What size pipe is needed to carry water from the
main at a rate of 0.025 m3/s to a factory that is 140 m
from the main? Assume galvanized-steel pipe is to
be used and that the pressure required at the factory is
60 kPa gage at a point 10 m above the main
connection.
Find: Size of pipe.
Solution:
hf f

L V2
L (Q /( / 4) D 2 ) 2
f
D 2g
D
2g

fL Q 2

D 8
h f 2g

Assume f = 0.020

fL Q 2
8
h f 2 g

1/ 5

0.02 140 (0.025) 2

8
14.45
2 9.81

1/ 5

0.100 m

Relative roughness:

k s 0.15

0.0015
D 100

Friction factor:

f 0.022

1/ 5

V2 p
V2 p
1 1 1 z1 hL 2 2 2 z2
2g

2g

300,000
60,000
hf
10
9810
9810
h f 14.45 m

0.022
D 0.100

0.020
Use 12 cm pipe

1/ 5

0.102 m

Ex. (10.83)
Given: The 10-cm galvanized-steel pipe is 1000 m long
and discharges water into the atmosphere. The
pipeline has an open globe valve and 4 threaded
elbows; h1=3 m and h2 = 15 m.
Find: What is the discharge, and what is the pressure at A,
the midpoint of the line?
Solution:
V12 p1
V22 p2
1

z1 hL 2

z2
2g

2g

0 0 12 (1 K e K v 4 K b f

L V2
)
00
D 2g

D = 10-cm and assume f = 0.025

24 g (1 0.5 10 4 * 0.9 0.025

1000 2
)V
0.1

24 g
V2
265.1
V 0.942 m / s
Q VA 0.942( / 4)(0.10) 2 0.0074 m 3 / s
VD 0.942 * 0.1
Re

7 x104
6

1.31x10
So f = 0.025

V2 p
V2 p
A A A z A h L 2 2 2 z 2
2g

2g

pA
L V2
15 ( 2 K b f )

D 2g
pA
500 (0.942) 2
( 2 * 0.9 0.025
)
15 9.6 m

0.1
2g
p A 9810 * ( 9.26) 90.8 kPa

Near cavitation pressure, not good!

Ex. (10.95)
Given: If the deluge through the system shown is 2 cfs,
what horsepower is the pump supplying to the water?
The 4 bends have a radius of 12 in and the 6-in pipe
is smooth.
Find: Horsepower
Solution:
V2 p
V2 p
1 1 1 z1 h p 2 2 2 z2 hL
2g

2g

V2
L
0 0 30 h p 0 60 2 (1 0.5 4 K b f )
2g
D
Q
2
V
10.18 ft / s
A ( / 4)(1 / 2) 2
V22
1.611 ft
2g
VD 10.18 * (1 / 2)
Re

4.17 x105

1.22 x10

So f = 0.0135
h p 60 30 1.611(1 0.5 4 * 0.19 0.0135
107.6 ft
Qh p
p
24.4 hp
550

1700
)
(1 / 2)