Ciclo de vida deChlamydomonas

Ciclo de vida haplontico

Reproduccin asexual (mitosis)

Cond. Amb. Favorables

Reproduccin
sexual.
(condiciones
ambientales
desfavorables)

Ciclo de vida de
Helechos
alternancia de generaciones
Ciclo de vida haplodiplontico

Ciclo vital de Homo

sapiens
Ciclo de vida diplontico

Comparacin meiosis y mitosis

MEIOSIS I

MEIOSIS
II

Thesynaptonemal complex

Thesynaptonemal complexholds together synapsed homologues

duringMeiosis Iand plays a role incrossing over. A proteincentral
elementis surrounded bylateral elementswhich form associations with
chromatin fiber, thus keeping the homologous chromosomes in close
proximity.

Thesynaptonemal complex

Model of the synaptonemal complex structure

The synaptonemal complex (SC) is a proteinaceous structure formed by a

lateral element (LE),
central element (CE) and transverse filaments.
The LE comprises cohesins (Rec8/C(2)M/SYN1, STAG3/Rec11, SMC1- and
SMC3),

e course of chromosome synapsis and desynapsis during meiotic propha

A single bivalent is shown. Thepachytene stageis defined as the

period during which a fully formed synaptonemal complex exists. In
gametes of female animals the subsequentdiplotene stageis an
enormously prolonged period of cell growth during which the
chromosomes are decondensed and very active in transcription. This
ends with diakinesis- the stage of transition to metaphase - in which
the chromosomes recondense and transcription halts. In male
gametes diplotene and diakinesis are briefer and less distinct.

The site of crossing over

Position of transverse filament protein

molecules within a synaptonemal
complex. A detail of TF protein
molecules, which are long, coiled-coil
proteins, is shown to the left. The
molecules are attached by their C
terminus (C) to the axial element (AE)
of one chromosome, and interact with
their N terminus (N) with TF protein
molecules that are attached to the
homologous chromosome. InC.
elegans, two different short coiled-coil
proteins bridge the space between
the twoAEs. Reciprocal exchange
between nonsister chromatids
(crossing over) has already occurred
in the stage shown here (late
pachytene), but is not yet visible as a
chiasma. The site of crossing over is

The cover image shows immunofluorescent staining of a meiotic

chromosome spread from mouse spermatocytes in the zygotene
stage of prophase I. Homologous chromosomes are paired at
synaptonemal complexes, marked by Synaptonemal Complex Protein
3 (green), and early recombination nodules are marked by RPA (red).
DNA is stained blue with DAPI.

Comparison of times required for each of the stages of meiosis

Approximate times for both

a male mammal (mouse)
and the male tissue of a
plant (lily) are shown. Times
differ for male and female
gametes (egg and sperm) of
the same species, as well as
for the same gametes of
different species. Meiosis in
a human male, for example,
lasts for 24 days, compared
with 12 days in the mouse.
Meiotic prophase I, however,
is always much longer than
all the other meiotic stages
combined.

MEIOSIS 1
Profase
a.Leptoten
e
Las dos cromtides
Hermanas estn
estrechamente
unidas.
Los cromosomas anclados
a la envoltura nuclear
(placas de unin)

initial association of homologous chromosomes (sister chromatids) is thought to

ated by base pairing between complementary DNA strands during the leptotene
re the chromatin becomes highly condensed

MEIOSIS I
Profase
b. Zigotene

Sinapsis de los cromosomas

homlogos a travs
del complejo sinaptonmico

e association of homologous chromosomes (synapsis) begins during the zygoten

his stage, a zipperlike protein structure, called the synaptonemal complex, form
th of the paired chromosomes

MEIOSIS I
Profase
c. Paquitene
Entrecruzamiento y
Recombinacin gnica
(Ndulo de Recombinacin)

The synaptonemal complex keeps the homologous chromosomes closely

associated and
aligned with one another through the pachytene stage, which can persist for
several days. Recombination homologous chromosomes is completed during
their association at the pachytene stage, leaving the chromosomes linked at

MEIOSIS I
Profase
d. Diplotene

Separacin de cromtidas
homlogas, que permanecen
unidas por los quiasmas

The synaptonemal complex disappears at the diplotene stage and the

homologous chromosomes separate along their length.
Importantly, however, they remain associated at the chiasmata, which
is critical for their correct alignment at metaphase. At this stage, each
chromosome pair (called a bivalent) consists of four chromatids with

MEIOSIS I
Profase
e. Diacinesis

Cromtidas no
hermanas de
cromosomas homlogos
unidas por quiasmas.
Cromosomas totalmente
condensados
Diakinesis, the final stage of prophase I, represents the transition to
metaphase,
during which the chromosomes become fully condensed.

MEIOSIS 1
Prometafase

MEIOSIS I
Metafase

MEIOSIS I
Anafase

MEIOSIS 1
Telofase

SEGUNDA DIVISION
Profase II
Metafase II

Anafase II
Telofase II

El huso

Comparison of the
mechanisms of chromosome
alignment (at metaphase) and
separation (at anaphase) in
meiotic division I and meiotic
division II

The mechanisms used in meiotic

division II are the same as those
used in normal mitosis

Paired homologous chromosomes

during the transition to metaphase
of meiotic division I
A single crossover event has occurred
earlier in prophase to create one
chiasma. Note that the four chromatids
are arranged as two distinct pairs of
sister chromatids and that the two
chromatids in each pair are tightly
aligned along their entire lengths as well
as joined at their centromeres. The entire
unit of four chromatids is referred to as a
bivalent.

Comparison of meiosis and mitosis

Events through the first cell division of

meiosis
For clarity, only one pair of homologous
chromosomes is shown. The pairing of homologous
chromosomes (homologues) is unique to meiosis.
Each chromosome has been duplicated and exists as
attached sister chromatids before the pairing
occurs. As shown by the formation of chromosomes
that are partredand partblack, the chromosome
pairing in meiosis involvescrossing-over(genetic
recombination) between homologous chromosomes

Two major contributions to the

reassortment of genetic material that
occurs during meiosis
(A)The independent assortment of the
maternal and paternal homologues during
the first meiotic division produces
2ndifferent haploid gametes for an
organism withnchromosomes. Heren= 3,
and there are 8 different possible gametes.
(B)Crossing-over during meiotic prophase I
exchanges segments of homologous
chromosomes and thereby reassorts genes
in individual chromosomes. Because of the
many small differences in DNA sequence
that always exist between any two
homologues, both mechanisms increase
the genetic variability of organisms that
reproduce sexually.