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Reference
Himmelblau
DM.
1989. Basic Principles
and Calculations in
Chemical Engineering,
5th edition. PrenticeHall International, Inc.,
Singapore.
Stoichiometry
Refers to quantities of reactants and
products in a balanced chemical
reaction.
aA + bB
cC + dD
i.e. a moles of A react with b moles of
B to give c moles of C and d moles of
D.
a,b,c,d are stoichiometric coefficient
the stoichiometric factor =
stoichiometric moles reactant
Limiting reactant/excess
reactant
In practice a reactant may be used in
excess of the stoichiometric quantity
for various reasons.
In this case the other reactant is
limiting (i.e., it will limit the yield of
product(s))
Limiting/excess
reactant
usually
applied for reversible reaction
aA + bB
cC + dD
Limiting reactant/excess
reactant
A reactant is in excess if it is present in a
quantity greater than its stoichiometric
proportion.
% excess =
x 100
Conversion
Fractional
conversion = amount
reactant consumed/amount reactant
supplied
% conversion = x 100
Note: conversion may apply to single
pass reactor conversion or overall
process conversion
Yield = x 100
Examples
A
B
i.e. stoichiometric coefficients a =
-1; b = 1
100 kmol fresh feed A; 90 % single
pass
conversion
in
reactor;
unreacted A is separated and
recycled
Overa
Recycle
Therefore overall process conversion
ll
is 100%
Feed
separation proce Produk
reactor
ss
Reaction Systems
input
accumulati
on
within
the
system
Process
input
through
system
boundarie
s
generation
within
the
system
outpu
t
output
through
system
boundarie
s
consumpti
on
within
the
system
Reaction Systems
input
Process
outpu
t
Batch (closed) system
mass in = mass out + accumulation
Continuous (flow/open) system
Mass Balance at Steady State:
Total mass in = Total mass out
Reaction:
Fuel + Oxygen Combustion gases
CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
C2H6 + O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O
C8H18 + O2 8 CO2 + 9 H2O
Other
products CO2
gas
(50%)
Gas C7H16
Engine
CO2 solid
(50%), 500
kg/hr
Basis:
500 kg/hr of dry ice
CO2 solid:
Reaction:
C7H16 + 11 O2 7 CO2+ 8
H 2O
CO2 solid (dry ice)
3.25
~
22.72
kg C7H16 = 3.25 kg mol C7H16 100
kg C7H16 = 325 kg C7H16
H2O:
8.33x106 lb
10 ppm O2
H2O:
8.33x106 lb
no O2
Na2SO3
MW Na2SO3 = 126
O2: 8.33x106 lb H2O = 83.3 lb O2 (2.6 lb mol
O2)
Reaction: 2 Na2SO3 + O2 2 Na2SO4
5.2 ~ 2.6
Na2SO3 : 5.2 lb mol Na2SO3 1.00
= 655.2 lb Na2SO3
Combustion Product
Flue
or stack
(wet basis)
Flue
or gas
stack
gas
(wet
basis)
all the gases resulting from a
combustion process, including
the water
vapor (dry basis)
Orsat
analysis
Orsat analysis (dry basis)
all the gases resulting from
the
combustion
process,
excluding the water vapor
CO2
CO
O2
N2
SO2
H2O
Combustion
Theoretical/required
air (or theoretical oxygen)
Feed: CH4
100%
Chimne
y
Air: O2
21%
Air: N2
79%
2
H 2O
Product:
CO2 ?%
Product:
H2O ?%
Reaction:
CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 +
Basis: 1.00 mole of CH4
Stoichiometry:
1.00 mol CH4 requires 2.00 mol O2 and
produces 1.00 mol CO2 and 2.00 mol
H 2O
Feed: CH4
100%
Chimne
y
Air: O2
21%
Air: N2
79%
Product:
CO2 ?%
Product:
H2O ?%
Required
air:
Output
CH4
mol
0
%
0
O2
2.60
11.4
N2
17.3
75.5
CO2
1.00
4.4
H2O
2.00
8.7
Total
22.9
10.34
CH4
mol
1
O2
4.6
N2
17.3
Input
mass
16
147.
2
488.
4
4.3
Output
mol mass
0
20.1
2.60
0
83.2 11.4
75.6
17.3
75.5
CO2
1.00
488.
4
44
H2O
2.00
36
4.4
8.7
Combustion of Ethane
Ethane is initially mixed with oxygen
to obtain a gas containing 80% C2H6
and 20% O2 that is then burned in an
engine with 200% excess air. Eighty
percent of the ethane goes to CO2,
10% goes to CO, and 10% remains
unburned. Calculate the composition
of the exhaust gas on a wet basis
and dry basis.
Fuel Gas
C2H6 80 lb
mole
20 lb
O2
mole
Engine
Air,
200% excess
O2 21%
N2 79%
Basis:
100 lb mole of fuel
Reaction:
C2H6 + O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O
C2H6 + O2 2 CO + 3 H2O
C 2H 6 C 2H 6
Exhaust
Gas
C2H6
CO2 Proct:
CO
O2
N2
H2O
80 %
10 %
10 %
Stoichiometry:
Fuel
lb mol
Air
C2H6
80
O2
20
N2
Exhaust
gas
Percent
in
exhaust
gas
0.21
780
556
14.41
2934
2934
76.05
CO2
128
3.32
CO
H2O
16
216
0.41
5.60
Fuel
lb mol
Air
C2H6
80
O2
20
N2
CO2
CO
Total
Exhaust
gas
Percent
in
exhaust
gas
0.22
780
556
15.27
2934
2934
80.56
128
3.51
100
3714
16
3642
0.44
100.00
Combustion of Propane
Bahan bakar gas yang terdiri dari campuran antara
propana (C3H8), 85 %, dan oksigen, 15 %, dibakar
dengan udara berlebih sebanyak 150 %. Dari
pembakaran yang terjadi, sebanyak 75 %
mengalami
pembakaran
sempurna,
20
%
mengalami pembakaran tidak sempurna dan
sisanya keluar bersama exhaust gas tanpa terbakar.
Gambarkan diagram alirnya, tuliskan reaksinya, dan
hitung komposisi exhaust gas dalam basis basah
(wet basis) dan basis kering (dry basis)!
Asumsi: bahan bakar gas yang diumpankan sebanyak
100 lb mol.
Fuel Gas
C3H8 85 lb
mole
15 lb
O2
mole
Engine
Air,
150% excess
O2 21%
N2 79%
Basis:
100 lb mole of fuel
Reaction:
C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
C3H8 + O2 3 CO + 4 H2O
C 3H 8
C 3H 8
Exhaust
Gas
CO2 Proct:
CO
C3H8
O2
N2
H2O
75 %
20 %
5%
Stoichiometry:
Fuel
lb mol
Air
C3H8
85
4.25
O2
15
1025
661.75
13.0082
N2
3855.95
75.7971
CO2
191.25
3.7594
CO
H2O
3855.95
Exhaust
gas
51
323
Percent
in
exhaust
gas
0.0836
1.0025
6.3492
Fuel
lb mol
Air
C3H8
85
4.25
O2
15
1025
661.75
13.8901
N2
3855.95
80.9359
CO2
191.25
4.0143
CO
Total
100
3855.95
4880.95
Exhaust
gas
51
4764.2
Percent
in
exhaust
gas
0.0892
1.0705
100.00
Multiple Units in
Combustion
In the face of higher fuel costs and
the uncertainty of the supply of a
particular fuel, many companies
operate two furnaces, one with
natural gas and the other with fuel
oil. Each furnace had its own supply
of oxygen; the gas furnace used air
and the fuel oil furnace used a gas
stream that analyzed O2 20%; N2
76%, and CO2 4%, but the stack
Multiple Units in
Combustion
During blizzard, all transportation
was cut off and the reserve of fuel oil
was only 1000 bbl. How many hours
could the company operate before
shutting down if no additional fuel
oil? How many lb mol/hr of natural
gas were being consumed? The
minimum
heating
load
when
translated into the stack gas output
was 6205 lb mol/hr of dry stack gas.
(Orsat
Analysis)
Stack Gas (P): 6205 lb
mol/hr
O2: 4.13%
N2:84.93%
SO2:0.10%
CO2:10.84%
Air (A)
O2:
21%
N2: 79%
Air/Gas stream
(A*)
O2: 20%
N2:76%
CO2: 4%
Natural Gas (G) Fuel Oil (F)
CH4: 96%
C: 50%
C2H2:2%
H2:47%
CO2: 2%
S: 3%
Gas
Furnac
e
Oil
Furnac
e
H2
N2
O2
S
C
G((2)(0.96) + 0.02) +
F(0.47)
A(0.79) + A*(0.76)
G(0.02) + A(0.21) +
A*(0.24)
F(0.03)
G(0.96 + (2)(0.02) +
0.02) + F(0.5) +
= W(1)
= 6205(0.8493)
= 6205(0.0413+0.001+0.
1084) + W(0.5)
= 6205(0.001)
= 6205(0.1084)
F
= 207 lb mol/hr
G = 498 lb mol/hr
The fuel oil consumption:
If the fuel oil reserve was only 1000 bbl, it
could last:
Combustion of Coal
A local utility burns coal having the
following composition on a dry basis: C
83.05%, H 4.45%, O 3.36%, N 1.08%, S
0.70%, Ash 7.36%. The average Orsat
analysisi of gas from the stack during a
24-hr test was (CO2 + SO2) 15.4%, CO
0.0%, O2 4.0%, N2 80.6%.
Moisture in the fuel was
Ionic compounds
Copper chloride
Metal bonded with a nonmetal
the particles are fixed
(when moving them, they
will repel the stress)
Electrons can find another Ionic compounds have a
cation to attract to
cation for every anion
Malleable and ductile
Brittle
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/39269485/Material-Balance-Prob
lems
Combustion 2
The main advantage of catalytic incineration of
odorous gases or other obnoxious substances
over direct coumbustion is the lower cost.
Catalytic incinerators operate at lower
temperatures 500 to 900 C compared with
1100 to 1500 C for thermal incinerators and
use substantially less fuel.
Because of the lower operating temperatures,
materials of construction do not need to be as
heat resistant, reducing installation and
construction costs.
Combustion 2
In a test run, a liquid having the composition 88%
C and 12% H2 is vaporized and burned with dry air
to a flue gas (fg) of the following composition on a
dry basis:
CO2 13.4%
O2 3.6%
N283.0%
100.0%
To compute the volume of the continuous steady
state combustion device, determine how many
kilogram moles of dry fg are produced per 100 kg
of liquid feed. What was the percentage of excess
air used?
Test
Liquid
C (F)
0.88
H2O
Engine
0.12
Dry Air (A)
O2 0.21
N2 0.79
Water (H)
H2O 1.00
Flue Gas
(G)
CO2 0.134
CO 0.036
0.83
N2
Basis:
C
C
H2
H2
O2
O2
A
+
0
+
0
+
0
+
0
+ A(0.21)
+ A(0.21)
N2
N2
+ A(0.79) =
+ A(0.79) =
=
=
=
=
=
=
W
0
0
W
W
W(0.5)
W(0.5)
0
0
G
+
+ 100(0.134)
100(0.134)
+
0
+
0
+ 100(0.134+0.0
+ 100(0.134+0.0
36)
36)
+
100(0.83)
+
100(0.83)
F
F(0.88)
F(0.12)
0
A
W
+
0
=
0
+
0
=
W
+ A(0.21) = W(0.5)
G
+ 100(0.134)
+
0
+ 100(0.134+0.0
36)
15.23
kg mol
+
100(0.83)
N2From C:
F(0.88)
= 13.4 0 F =
0
+ A(0.79) =
From N2: A(0.79) = 83 A = 105.06 kg mol
From H2: W = 15.23(0.12) = 1.83 kg mol
Check from O2: 22.06 =
Multiple Units in
Combustion
In the face of higher fuel costs and
the uncertainty of the supply of a
particular fuel, many companies
operate two furnaces, one with
natural gas and the other with fuel
oil. Each furnace had its own supply
of oxygen; the gas furnace used air
and the fuel oil furnace used a gas
stream that analyzed O2 20%; N2
76%, and CO2 4%, but the stack
Combustion of Propane
Bahan bakar gas yang terdiri dari campuran antara
propana (C3H8), 85 %, dan oksigen, 15 %, dibakar
dengan udara berlebih sebanyak 150 %. Dari
pembakaran yang terjadi, sebanyak 75 %
mengalami
pembakaran
sempurna,
20
%
mengalami pembakaran tidak sempurna dan
sisanya keluar bersama exhaust gas tanpa terbakar.
Gambarkan diagram alirnya, tuliskan reaksinya, dan
hitung komposisi exhaust gas dalam basis basah
(wet basis) dan basis kering (dry basis)!
Asumsi: bahan bakar gas yang diumpankan sebanyak
100 lb mol.
Fuel Gas
C3H8 85 lb
mole
15 lb
O2
mole
Engine
Air,
150% excess
O2 21%
N2 79%
Basis:
100 lb mole of fuel
Reaction:
C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
C3H8 + O2 3 CO + 4 H2O
C 3H 8
C 3H 8
Exhaust
Gas
CO2 Proct:
CO
C3H8
O2
N2
H2O
75 %
20 %
5%
Stoichiometry:
Fuel
lb mol
Air
C3H8
85
4.25
O2
15
1025
661.75
13.0082
N2
3855.95
75.7971
CO2
191.25
3.7594
CO
H2O
3855.95
Exhaust
gas
51
323
Percent
in
exhaust
gas
0.0836
1.0025
6.3492
Fuel
lb mol
Air
C3H8
85
4.25
O2
15
1025
661.75
13.8901
N2
3855.95
80.9359
CO2
191.25
4.0143
CO
Total
100
3855.95
4880.95
Exhaust
gas
51
4764.2
Percent
in
exhaust
gas
0.0892
1.0705
100.00
Reactor
O2 out = O2 in O2 consumption
O2 out = 2.17 2.00 = 0.17 mol
C
O2
mass
(kg)
24.0
69.5
2.00
2.17
Output
mass
mol
(kg)
0
0
5.5
0.17
N2
230.5
8.17
230.5
8.17
88.0
2.00
324.0
10.34
CO2
Total
0
324.0
mol
0
12.34
Type of balance
Total balances
Total mass
Total moles
Component balances
Mass of a pure
compound
Moles of a pure
compound
Mass of an atomic
species
Element Balance
Mole
balance
C
O
or O2
Mass
balance
C
O
2
0
CO
O2
C
2
+ 0 + 0 = 0
+ 0 + 2.1 = 0
7(2
)
+ 0 + 2.1 = 0
7
24 + 0
0 + 0
+ 0 =
+ 69. =
0
0
CO2
O2
+ 2
+ 0
+ 2(2) + 0.17
(2)
+
+ 24
+ 64
+ 0.17
+
+ 5.5
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/molecular-mass-air-d_679.
html
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-differen
ce-between-gasoline-diesel-fuel-and-fuel-oil
.htm
Gasolineis formed from shorter and lighter chains of hydrocarbons than either
diesel orfueloil.Gasolineis lightweight, extremely volatile and evaporates quickly.
These qualities contribute togasolinepowered engines having more horsepower
and acceleration than an equivalentdiesel engine. However,gasolineis not as
efficient afuelas diesel orfueloil.Gasolineproduces approximately 124,000 British
Thermal Units (BTUs) of energy per gallon (3.79 liters) while a diesel engine
produces approximately 139,000 BTUs of energy per gallon (3.79 liters).
Diesel is a middle weight product that is heavier thangasoline. It has the
appearance of oil and is often referred to asdiesel oil. It does not evaporate as
quickly nor is it as volatile asgasoline. It takes less refining from crude oil to make
dieselfuel, which often makes diesel less expensive thangasoline. The increased
mileage and lower cost make diesel a popular choice offuelin many parts of the
world.
Fueloil used for the heating of homes is slightly heavier than dieselfuelbutshares
similar properties and is considered a middle distillate as diesel is.Fueloil for
residential use produces approximately the same amount of BTUs as diesel and has
a low volatility which makes it ideal for residential heating.Fueloil that is used in
large industrial applications such as electric power generators are considered
residualfueloils and are heavier thangasoline, dieselfuel, and home heating oil.
Reference
Himmelblau DM. 1989. Basic
Principles and Calculations in
Chemical Engineering, 5th edition.
Prentice-Hall International, Inc.,
Singapore.
Process
F3
Process
Chemical Reactions
NH3 + CH4 HCN + 3H2
Stoichiometric Coefficients
nNH3 = 1, nCH4 = 1, nHCN = 1,
nH2 = 3
Extent of reaction
If 24kg/h H2 produced, molar
production =
12kmol/h H2.
Extent of reaction, x = 12/3 =
Selectivity
Selectivity = (moles product/moles
reactant converted) x s.f. x100
OR
Selectivity = moles desired
product/moles byproduct
Extent
Extent of reaction = (moles of component
leaving reactor moles of component
entering reactor)/stoichiometric coefficient
of component
References
Elementary Principles of Chemical
Processes, R. M. Felder and R. W.
Rousseau, 3rd edition, John Wiley,
2000
Definitions
Stoichiometric quantities
Limiting reactant
Excess reactant
Conversion
Yield
Selectivity
Extent of reaction
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/molecular-mass-air-d_679.
html
1 kg = 2,20462
lb