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Material balance reaction Compound forming

Reference
Himmelblau
DM.
1989. Basic Principles
and Calculations in
Chemical Engineering,
5th edition. PrenticeHall International, Inc.,
Singapore.

Stoichiometry
Refers to quantities of reactants and
products in a balanced chemical
reaction.
aA + bB
cC + dD
i.e. a moles of A react with b moles of
B to give c moles of C and d moles of
D.
a,b,c,d are stoichiometric coefficient
the stoichiometric factor =
stoichiometric moles reactant

Limiting reactant/excess
reactant
In practice a reactant may be used in
excess of the stoichiometric quantity
for various reasons.
In this case the other reactant is
limiting (i.e., it will limit the yield of
product(s))
Limiting/excess
reactant
usually
applied for reversible reaction
aA + bB
cC + dD

Limiting reactant/excess
reactant
A reactant is in excess if it is present in a
quantity greater than its stoichiometric
proportion.
% excess =
x 100

Paul Ashall, 2008

Conversion
Fractional

conversion = amount
reactant consumed/amount reactant
supplied
% conversion = x 100
Note: conversion may apply to single
pass reactor conversion or overall
process conversion
Yield = x 100

Examples
A
B
i.e. stoichiometric coefficients a =
-1; b = 1
100 kmol fresh feed A; 90 % single
pass
conversion
in
reactor;
unreacted A is separated and
recycled
Overa
Recycle
Therefore overall process conversion
ll
is 100%
Feed
separation proce Produk
reactor
ss

Reaction Systems
input

accumulati
on
within
the
system

Process

input
through
system
boundarie
s
generation
within
the
system

outpu
t
output
through
system
boundarie
s
consumpti
on
within
the
system

Reaction Systems
input

Process

outpu
t


Batch (closed) system
mass in = mass out + accumulation
Continuous (flow/open) system
Mass Balance at Steady State:
Total mass in = Total mass out

Combustion Process of Flow System

Reaction:
Fuel + Oxygen Combustion gases
CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
C2H6 + O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O
C8H18 + O2 8 CO2 + 9 H2O

Combustion and Dry Ice Production


In the combustion of heptane, CO2 is
produced. Assume that you want to
produce 500 kg of dry ice per hour and
that 50% of the CO2 can be converted
into dry ice. How many kilograms of
heptane must be burned per hour?
Reaction: C7H16 + O2 CO2+ H2O
MW C7H16 = 100 kg/kg mol C7H16

Other
products CO2

gas
(50%)

Gas C7H16

Engine

CO2 solid
(50%), 500
kg/hr

Basis:
500 kg/hr of dry ice

CO2 solid:
Reaction:
C7H16 + 11 O2 7 CO2+ 8
H 2O
CO2 solid (dry ice)
3.25
~
22.72
kg C7H16 = 3.25 kg mol C7H16 100
kg C7H16 = 325 kg C7H16

Corrosion of Pipes in Boilers


Corrosion of pipes in boilers by oxygen can be
alleviated through the use of sodium sulfite.
Sodium sulfite removes oxygen from boiler
feedwater by the following reaction:
2 Na2SO3 + O2 2 Na2SO4
How many pounds of sodium sulfite are
theoretically required (for complete reaction)
to remove the oxygen from 8.33 x 10 6 lb of
water containing 10.0 ppm of dissolved
oxygen and at the same time maintain a 35%
excess of sodium sulfite?

H2O:
8.33x106 lb
10 ppm O2

H2O:
8.33x106 lb
no O2
Na2SO3

8.33x106 lb of water with 10 ppm O2


Basis:

MW Na2SO3 = 126
O2: 8.33x106 lb H2O = 83.3 lb O2 (2.6 lb mol
O2)
Reaction: 2 Na2SO3 + O2 2 Na2SO4
5.2 ~ 2.6
Na2SO3 : 5.2 lb mol Na2SO3 1.00
= 655.2 lb Na2SO3

Combustion Product
Flue
or stack
(wet basis)
Flue
or gas
stack
gas

(wet

basis)
all the gases resulting from a
combustion process, including
the water
vapor (dry basis)
Orsat
analysis
Orsat analysis (dry basis)
all the gases resulting from
the
combustion
process,
excluding the water vapor

CO2
CO
O2
N2
SO2
H2O

Combustion
Theoretical/required
air (or theoretical oxygen)

the amount of air (or O2) required to be brought into


the process for complete combustion
Excess air (or excess oxygen)
the amount of air (or O2) in excess of that required for
complete combustion

Example of Excess Air


Compressed propane has been suggested
as a source of economic power for vehicles.
Suppose that in a test C3H8 is burned with
400 lb of air to produce 44 lb of CO 2 and 12
lb of CO. What was the percent excess air
and how many propane was burned?
Reaction:
C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O
C3H8 + O2 CO + H2O

Contoh Reaksi dengan Udara


Berlebih

Basis: 44 lb CO2 dan 12 lb CO


Udara yang disuplai: 400 lb O2 =
Reaction:
C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
massa
14,52 19,2
44
MR
44
32
44
mol
0,33 ~ 0,60 ~ 1
C3H8 + O2 3 CO + 4 H2O
massa
6,30
16,0
12
MR
44
32
28
mol
0,14 ~ 0,50 ~ 0,43
O2 yang dibutuhkan untuk pembakaran: 19,2 lb+ 16,0 lb = 35,2 lb
O2 yang berlebih: 84,0 lb 35,2 lb = 48,8 lb atau
Propana yang dibakar: 14,52 lb + 6,30 lb = 20,82 lb

Material Balance with


Combustion
A salesperson comes to the door selling a service
designed to check chimney rot. He explains
that if the CO2 content of the gases leaving the
chimney rises above 15%, it is dangerous to your
health, is against the city code, and causes your
chimney to rot. On checking the flue gas from the
furnace, he finds it is 30% CO 2. Suppose that you
are burning natural gas which is about 100% CH 4
and that the air supply is adjusted to provide
130% excess air. Do you need his service?

Material Balance with


Combustion

Feed: CH4
100%

Chimne
y

Air: O2
21%
Air: N2
79%
2
H 2O

Product:
CO2 ?%
Product:
H2O ?%

Reaction:
CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 +
Basis: 1.00 mole of CH4
Stoichiometry:
1.00 mol CH4 requires 2.00 mol O2 and
produces 1.00 mol CO2 and 2.00 mol
H 2O

Material Balance with


Combustion

Feed: CH4
100%

Chimne
y

Air: O2
21%
Air: N2
79%

Product:
CO2 ?%
Product:
H2O ?%

Required
air:

composed of 2.00 mol O2 and 7.52 mol N2


Excess air:
composed of 2.60 mol O2 and 9.80 mol N2
Total air entering process: 12.4 + 9.52 = 21.92
mol
composed of 4.60 mol O2 and 17.32 mol N2

Output
CH4

mol
0

%
0

O2

2.60

11.4

N2

17.3

75.5

CO2

1.00

4.4

H2O

2.00

8.7

Total

22.9

10.34

It is calculated that the CO2 in the flue gas is 4,4


%.
It explaines that we do not need his service.

CH4

mol
1

O2

4.6

N2

17.3

Input
mass
16
147.
2
488.
4

4.3

Output
mol mass
0

20.1

2.60

0
83.2 11.4

75.6

17.3

75.5

CO2

1.00

488.
4
44

H2O

2.00

36

4.4
8.7

Combustion of Ethane
Ethane is initially mixed with oxygen
to obtain a gas containing 80% C2H6
and 20% O2 that is then burned in an
engine with 200% excess air. Eighty
percent of the ethane goes to CO2,
10% goes to CO, and 10% remains
unburned. Calculate the composition
of the exhaust gas on a wet basis
and dry basis.

Fuel Gas
C2H6 80 lb
mole
20 lb
O2
mole

Engine

Air,
200% excess
O2 21%
N2 79%

Basis:
100 lb mole of fuel

Reaction:
C2H6 + O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O
C2H6 + O2 2 CO + 3 H2O
C 2H 6 C 2H 6

Exhaust
Gas
C2H6
CO2 Proct:
CO
O2
N2
H2O

80 %
10 %
10 %

O2 entering: 3.00 times required O2


Total

(100 % required + 200 %


excess)
O2 for complete combustion:
= 80 lbmol C2H6 = 280 lb mol O2
C2H6 + O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O
lb mol 80 ~ 280
Required O2: 280 20 = 260 lb mol O2
O2 entering with air: 3 (260 lb mol O2) = 780
lb mol O2
N2 entering with air: 780 lb mol O2
= 2934 lb mol N2

Stoichiometry:

C2H6 + O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O


80 %
80
128
192
C2H6 + 224
O2 2 CO + 3 H2O
10 %
80
16
24
Unburned: 80 lb mole C2H6 (0.1) = 8 lb mole C2H6
20
O2 available in system:
780 + 20 = 800 lb
mol O2
O2 used up by reaction: 224 + 20 = 244 lb mol
O2
O2 out:
556 lb
mol O2
H2O out: 192 + 24 = 216 lb mol H2O

Exhaust Gas in Wet Basis


Compon
ent

Fuel

lb mol
Air

C2H6

80

O2

20

N2

Exhaust
gas

Percent
in
exhaust
gas

0.21

780

556

14.41

2934

2934

76.05

CO2

128

3.32

CO
H2O

16
216

0.41
5.60

Exhaust Gas in Dry Basis


Compon
ent

Fuel

lb mol
Air

C2H6

80

O2

20

N2
CO2
CO
Total

Exhaust
gas

Percent
in
exhaust
gas

0.22

780

556

15.27

2934

2934

80.56

128

3.51

100

3714

16
3642

0.44
100.00

Combustion of Propane
Bahan bakar gas yang terdiri dari campuran antara
propana (C3H8), 85 %, dan oksigen, 15 %, dibakar
dengan udara berlebih sebanyak 150 %. Dari
pembakaran yang terjadi, sebanyak 75 %
mengalami
pembakaran
sempurna,
20
%
mengalami pembakaran tidak sempurna dan
sisanya keluar bersama exhaust gas tanpa terbakar.
Gambarkan diagram alirnya, tuliskan reaksinya, dan
hitung komposisi exhaust gas dalam basis basah
(wet basis) dan basis kering (dry basis)!
Asumsi: bahan bakar gas yang diumpankan sebanyak
100 lb mol.

Fuel Gas
C3H8 85 lb
mole
15 lb
O2
mole

Engine

Air,
150% excess
O2 21%
N2 79%

Basis:
100 lb mole of fuel

Reaction:
C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
C3H8 + O2 3 CO + 4 H2O
C 3H 8
C 3H 8

Exhaust
Gas
CO2 Proct:
CO
C3H8
O2
N2
H2O

75 %
20 %
5%

O2 entering: 2.50 times required O2


Total

(100 % required + 150 %


excess)
O2 for complete combustion:
= 85 lbmol C3H8 = 425 lb mol O2
C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
lb mol 85 ~ 425
Required O2: 425 15 = 410 lb mol O2
O2 entering with air: 2.5 (410 lb mol O2) =
1025 lb mol O2
N2 entering with air: 1025 lb mol O2
= 3855.95 lb mol N2

Stoichiometry:

C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O


75 %
85
318.75 191.25
255
C3H8 + O2 3 CO + 4 H2O
20 %
85
59.5
51
68
Unburned: 85 lb mole C3H8 (0.05) = 4.25 lb mole
C3H8
O2 available in system:
1025 + 15 = 1040
lb mol
O2 used up by reaction: 318.75 + 59.5 = 378.25
lb mol
O2 out:
661.75 lb mol
H2O out: 255 + 68 = 323 lb mol H2O

Exhaust Gas in Wet Basis


Compon
ent

Fuel

lb mol
Air

C3H8

85

4.25

O2

15

1025

661.75

13.0082

N2

3855.95

75.7971

CO2

191.25

3.7594

CO
H2O

3855.95

Exhaust
gas

51
323

Percent
in
exhaust
gas
0.0836

1.0025
6.3492

Exhaust Gas in Dry Basis


Compon
ent

Fuel

lb mol
Air

C3H8

85

4.25

O2

15

1025

661.75

13.8901

N2

3855.95

80.9359

CO2

191.25

4.0143

CO
Total

100

3855.95
4880.95

Exhaust
gas

51
4764.2

Percent
in
exhaust
gas
0.0892

1.0705
100.00

Multiple Units in
Combustion
In the face of higher fuel costs and
the uncertainty of the supply of a
particular fuel, many companies
operate two furnaces, one with
natural gas and the other with fuel
oil. Each furnace had its own supply
of oxygen; the gas furnace used air
and the fuel oil furnace used a gas
stream that analyzed O2 20%; N2
76%, and CO2 4%, but the stack

Multiple Units in
Combustion
During blizzard, all transportation
was cut off and the reserve of fuel oil
was only 1000 bbl. How many hours
could the company operate before
shutting down if no additional fuel
oil? How many lb mol/hr of natural
gas were being consumed? The
minimum
heating
load
when
translated into the stack gas output
was 6205 lb mol/hr of dry stack gas.

(Orsat
Analysis)
Stack Gas (P): 6205 lb
mol/hr
O2: 4.13%
N2:84.93%
SO2:0.10%
CO2:10.84%
Air (A)
O2:
21%
N2: 79%

Water Vapor (W)


H2O:
100%

Air/Gas stream
(A*)
O2: 20%
N2:76%
CO2: 4%
Natural Gas (G) Fuel Oil (F)
CH4: 96%
C: 50%
C2H2:2%
H2:47%
CO2: 2%
S: 3%
Gas
Furnac
e

Oil
Furnac
e

Problem: F & G in lb mol/hr?


F in bbl/hr?

Basis: P = 6205 lb mol/hr


MW of fuel = 7.91 lb/lb mol
Density of fuel = 7.578 lb/gal
Solving by using elemental mole
balances In
Out

H2
N2
O2
S
C

G((2)(0.96) + 0.02) +
F(0.47)
A(0.79) + A*(0.76)
G(0.02) + A(0.21) +
A*(0.24)
F(0.03)
G(0.96 + (2)(0.02) +
0.02) + F(0.5) +

= W(1)
= 6205(0.8493)
= 6205(0.0413+0.001+0.
1084) + W(0.5)
= 6205(0.001)
= 6205(0.1084)

F
= 207 lb mol/hr
G = 498 lb mol/hr
The fuel oil consumption:
If the fuel oil reserve was only 1000 bbl, it
could last:

Combustion of Coal
A local utility burns coal having the
following composition on a dry basis: C
83.05%, H 4.45%, O 3.36%, N 1.08%, S
0.70%, Ash 7.36%. The average Orsat
analysisi of gas from the stack during a
24-hr test was (CO2 + SO2) 15.4%, CO
0.0%, O2 4.0%, N2 80.6%.
Moisture in the fuel was

Why is a metal ductile but


an ionic compound is not
(brittle)?

Why is a metal ductile but


an ionic compound is not
(brittle)?
Metals
copper
Ions with delocalized
electron
have free moving
electrons

Ionic compounds
Copper chloride
Metal bonded with a nonmetal
the particles are fixed
(when moving them, they
will repel the stress)
Electrons can find another Ionic compounds have a
cation to attract to
cation for every anion
Malleable and ductile
Brittle

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/39269485/Material-Balance-Prob
lems

As mined, iron ore contains three times the percentage


of iron oxide as other solid impurities. Water is used to
transport theiron ore into a separator. Two streams
emerge from the separator: the washed ore streanm
has 62.8% iron oxide, 3.8% solid impurities and water
as the remainder.
The waste stream has 3.6% iron oxide, 33.7% solid
impurities and water as the remainder. The total
washed ore stream flow rate is 37.2 t/hr. All
percentages are by mass.
Determine:
The output (t/hr) of iron oxide plus solid impurities from the
washed ore stream
The total water outpu (t/hr)
The imput stream (t/hr)

Combustion 2
The main advantage of catalytic incineration of
odorous gases or other obnoxious substances
over direct coumbustion is the lower cost.
Catalytic incinerators operate at lower
temperatures 500 to 900 C compared with
1100 to 1500 C for thermal incinerators and
use substantially less fuel.
Because of the lower operating temperatures,
materials of construction do not need to be as
heat resistant, reducing installation and
construction costs.

Combustion 2
In a test run, a liquid having the composition 88%
C and 12% H2 is vaporized and burned with dry air
to a flue gas (fg) of the following composition on a
dry basis:
CO2 13.4%
O2 3.6%
N283.0%
100.0%
To compute the volume of the continuous steady
state combustion device, determine how many
kilogram moles of dry fg are produced per 100 kg
of liquid feed. What was the percentage of excess
air used?

Test
Liquid
C (F)
0.88
H2O

Engine

0.12
Dry Air (A)
O2 0.21
N2 0.79

Water (H)
H2O 1.00
Flue Gas
(G)
CO2 0.134
CO 0.036
0.83
N2

Basis:

100 kg mol dry flue gas (G)


Reaction:
C + O2 CO2
H 2 + O 2 H 2O

Solving by using elemental mole


balances
F in kg; A,W, and G are in kg moles
Material balance sheet:
F

C
C
H2
H2
O2
O2

A
+
0
+
0
+
0
+
0
+ A(0.21)
+ A(0.21)

N2
N2

+ A(0.79) =
+ A(0.79) =

=
=
=
=
=
=

W
0
0
W
W
W(0.5)
W(0.5)
0
0

G
+
+ 100(0.134)
100(0.134)
+
0
+
0
+ 100(0.134+0.0
+ 100(0.134+0.0
36)
36)
+
100(0.83)
+
100(0.83)

From C: F(0.88) / 12 = 13.4 F =


182.73 kg mol
From N2: A(0.79) = 83 A = 105.06
kg mol
?
From H2: W = 182.73(0.12) / 2 = 10.96
kg mol
Check from O2: 22.06 = 22.48

Solving by using elemental mole balances


F, A, W, and G are in kg moles
balance sheet:
C
H2
O2

F
F(0.88)
F(0.12)
0

A
W
+
0
=
0
+
0
=
W
+ A(0.21) = W(0.5)

G
+ 100(0.134)
+
0
+ 100(0.134+0.0
36)
15.23
kg mol
+
100(0.83)

N2From C:
F(0.88)
= 13.4 0 F =
0
+ A(0.79) =
From N2: A(0.79) = 83 A = 105.06 kg mol
From H2: W = 15.23(0.12) = 1.83 kg mol
Check from O2: 22.06 =

Multiple Units in
Combustion
In the face of higher fuel costs and
the uncertainty of the supply of a
particular fuel, many companies
operate two furnaces, one with
natural gas and the other with fuel
oil. Each furnace had its own supply
of oxygen; the gas furnace used air
and the fuel oil furnace used a gas
stream that analyzed O2 20%; N2
76%, and CO2 4%, but the stack

Combustion of Propane
Bahan bakar gas yang terdiri dari campuran antara
propana (C3H8), 85 %, dan oksigen, 15 %, dibakar
dengan udara berlebih sebanyak 150 %. Dari
pembakaran yang terjadi, sebanyak 75 %
mengalami
pembakaran
sempurna,
20
%
mengalami pembakaran tidak sempurna dan
sisanya keluar bersama exhaust gas tanpa terbakar.
Gambarkan diagram alirnya, tuliskan reaksinya, dan
hitung komposisi exhaust gas dalam basis basah
(wet basis) dan basis kering (dry basis)!
Asumsi: bahan bakar gas yang diumpankan sebanyak
100 lb mol.

Fuel Gas
C3H8 85 lb
mole
15 lb
O2
mole

Engine

Air,
150% excess
O2 21%
N2 79%

Basis:
100 lb mole of fuel

Reaction:
C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
C3H8 + O2 3 CO + 4 H2O
C 3H 8
C 3H 8

Exhaust
Gas
CO2 Proct:
CO
C3H8
O2
N2
H2O

75 %
20 %
5%

O2 entering: 2.50 times required O2


Total

(100 % required + 150 %


excess)
O2 for complete combustion:
= 85 lbmol C3H8 = 425 lb mol O2
C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
lb mol 85 ~ 425
Required O2: 425 15 = 410 lb mol O2
O2 entering with air: 2.5 (410 lb mol O2) =
1025 lb mol O2
N2 entering with air: 1025 lb mol O2
= 3855.95 lb mol N2

Stoichiometry:

C3H8 + 5 O2 3 CO2 + 4 H2O


75 %
85
318.75 191.25
255
C3H8 + O2 3 CO + 4 H2O
20 %
85
59.5
51
68
Unburned: 85 lb mole C3H8 (0.05) = 4.25 lb mole
C3H8
O2 available in system:
1025 + 15 = 1040
lb mol
O2 used up by reaction: 318.75 + 59.5 = 378.25
lb mol
O2 out:
661.75 lb mol
H2O out: 255 + 68 = 323 lb mol H2O

Exhaust Gas in Wet Basis


Compon
ent

Fuel

lb mol
Air

C3H8

85

4.25

O2

15

1025

661.75

13.0082

N2

3855.95

75.7971

CO2

191.25

3.7594

CO
H2O

3855.95

Exhaust
gas

51
323

Percent
in
exhaust
gas
0.0836

1.0025
6.3492

Exhaust Gas in Dry Basis


Compon
ent

Fuel

lb mol
Air

C3H8

85

4.25

O2

15

1025

661.75

13.8901

N2

3855.95

80.9359

CO2

191.25

4.0143

CO
Total

100

3855.95
4880.95

Exhaust
gas

51
4764.2

Percent
in
exhaust
gas
0.0892

1.0705
100.00

Examples of Material Balance with


Chemical Reaction
If 300 kg of air and 24.0 kg of carbon are
fed to a reactor at 600 F and after
complete combustion no material remains
in the reactor, how many pounds of carbon
will have been removed? How many pounds
of oxygen? How many pounds total?
How many moles of carbon and oxygen
enter? How many leave the reactor?
How many total moles enter the reactor and
how many leave the reactor?

Examples of Material Balance with


Chemical Reaction
24.0 kg
C
300 kg
air

Reactor

Basis: 300 kg air


Calculate the mol of carbon, oxygen and
nitrogen enter (input):
C:
O2:
N2:

Examples of Material Balance with


Chemical Reaction
Reaction: C + O2 CO2
Stoichiometry: 2.00 mol C requires 2.00
mol O2 and produces 2.00 mol CO2

O2 out = O2 in O2 consumption
O2 out = 2.17 2.00 = 0.17 mol

CO2 out = CO2 in + CO2 generation


CO2 out = 0 + 2.00 = 2.00 mol

Examples of Material Balance with


Chemical Reaction (Pure Compounds)
Input

C
O2

mass
(kg)
24.0
69.5

2.00
2.17

Output
mass
mol
(kg)
0
0
5.5
0.17

N2

230.5

8.17

230.5

8.17

88.0

2.00

324.0

10.34

CO2
Total

0
324.0

mol

0
12.34

Type of balance

Total balances
Total mass
Total moles
Component balances
Mass of a pure
compound
Moles of a pure
compound
Mass of an atomic
species

Equality required for input


and output of steady-state
process
Without
With chemical
chemical
reaction
reaction

Element Balance
Mole
balance
C
O

or O2

Mass
balance
C
O

2
0

CO
O2
C
2
+ 0 + 0 = 0
+ 0 + 2.1 = 0
7(2
)
+ 0 + 2.1 = 0
7

24 + 0
0 + 0

+ 0 =
+ 69. =

0
0

CO2

O2

+ 2
+ 0
+ 2(2) + 0.17
(2)
+

+ 24
+ 64

+ 0.17

+
+ 5.5

Air is a mixture of gases and the total


mass can be estimated by adding the
weight of all major components as
shown below:

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/molecular-mass-air-d_679.
html

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-differen
ce-between-gasoline-diesel-fuel-and-fuel-oil
.htm
Gasolineis formed from shorter and lighter chains of hydrocarbons than either
diesel orfueloil.Gasolineis lightweight, extremely volatile and evaporates quickly.
These qualities contribute togasolinepowered engines having more horsepower
and acceleration than an equivalentdiesel engine. However,gasolineis not as
efficient afuelas diesel orfueloil.Gasolineproduces approximately 124,000 British
Thermal Units (BTUs) of energy per gallon (3.79 liters) while a diesel engine
produces approximately 139,000 BTUs of energy per gallon (3.79 liters).
Diesel is a middle weight product that is heavier thangasoline. It has the
appearance of oil and is often referred to asdiesel oil. It does not evaporate as
quickly nor is it as volatile asgasoline. It takes less refining from crude oil to make
dieselfuel, which often makes diesel less expensive thangasoline. The increased
mileage and lower cost make diesel a popular choice offuelin many parts of the
world.
Fueloil used for the heating of homes is slightly heavier than dieselfuelbutshares
similar properties and is considered a middle distillate as diesel is.Fueloil for
residential use produces approximately the same amount of BTUs as diesel and has
a low volatility which makes it ideal for residential heating.Fueloil that is used in
large industrial applications such as electric power generators are considered
residualfueloils and are heavier thangasoline, dieselfuel, and home heating oil.

Reference
Himmelblau DM. 1989. Basic
Principles and Calculations in
Chemical Engineering, 5th edition.
Prentice-Hall International, Inc.,
Singapore.

Mass Balance around Mixer


100kg/h of a dilute aqueous solution of
H2SO4
(10%wt
H2SO4)
to
be
concentrated to 75%wt H2SO4 by
mixing with 90%wt H2SO4
Determine:
the flowrate of concentrated acid
required
the product acid flowrate.

Mass Balance around Mixer


F1
F2

Process

F3

F1 = 100 kg/h; xH2SO4,1 = 0.1


xH2SO4,2 = 0.9
xH2SO4,3 = 0.75
Material balance: F1 + F2 = F3 (1)
F1xH2SO4,1 + F2xH2SO4,2 = F3xH2SO4,3 (2)
F1xH2SO4,3 + F2xH2SO4,3 = F3xH2SO4,3 (3)
F1(xH2SO4,1 - xH2SO4,3) + F2(xH2SO4,1 - xH2SO4,3) =
0 (4)

Mass Balance around Mixer


F1 = 100 kg/h (0.1
H
)
F22SO
= 4433
kg/h (0.9
H2SO4)

Process

F3 = 533 kg/h (0.75


H2SO4)

F2 = F1(xH2SO4,3 - xH2SO4,1) / (xH2SO4,2 - xH2SO4,3)


F2 = 100(0.75 0.1) / (0.9 0.75) =
433.33 kg/h
F3 = F1 + F2 = 100 + 433.33 = 533.33
kg/h

Chemical Reactions
NH3 + CH4 HCN + 3H2
Stoichiometric Coefficients
nNH3 = 1, nCH4 = 1, nHCN = 1,
nH2 = 3
Extent of reaction
If 24kg/h H2 produced, molar
production =
12kmol/h H2.
Extent of reaction, x = 12/3 =

Reactions in Solid Materials

Selectivity
Selectivity = (moles product/moles
reactant converted) x s.f. x100
OR
Selectivity = moles desired
product/moles byproduct

Paul Ashall, 2008

Extent
Extent of reaction = (moles of component
leaving reactor moles of component
entering reactor)/stoichiometric coefficient
of component

Note: the stoichiometric coefficient of a


component in a chemical reaction is the
no. of moles in the balanced chemical
equation ( -ve for reactants and +ve for
products)
Paul Ashall, 2008

References
Elementary Principles of Chemical
Processes, R. M. Felder and R. W.
Rousseau, 3rd edition, John Wiley,
2000

Paul Ashall, 2008

Definitions

Stoichiometric quantities
Limiting reactant
Excess reactant
Conversion
Yield
Selectivity
Extent of reaction

Air is a mixture of gases and the total


mass can be estimated by adding the
weight of all major components as
shown below:

http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/molecular-mass-air-d_679.
html
1 kg = 2,20462
lb

Affinity effect of an atom


to compound bonding

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