MALAVIYA NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY,JAIPUR
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PROJECT
ON

POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OF

AEROSTAT

TRAINING UNDERTAKEN
AT

AERIAL DELIVERY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

ESTABLISHMENT,AGRA(DRDO)
Submitted by :GAURAV SINGH
MEENA
2013UEE1381

Defence Research and

Development
Organisation(DRDO)-

Established in 1958 by amalgamating the

Defence Science Organisation and some of
the technical development establishments.
Works under the administrative control of
the Ministry of Defence, Government of
India.
Around 50 laboratories functioning under
DRDO.
ADRDE(AGRA) is mainly focussed on
parachute and aerostat.

INTRODUCTIONThe aerostats are large fabric envelopes

filled with helium, and can rise up to an
altitude of 4600 m while tethered by a
single cable. The largest lifts a 1000kg
payload to an operating altitude providing
low level, downward-looking radar
coverage.
Here in this project airborne is at altitude of 1500 m and
carrying a load of 28kW at 330V DC.
For supply of this power we have three options:
High Voltage transmission
High Frequency transmission
Dc transmission

ADVANTAGES OF HIGH VOLTAGE

TRANSMISSION
Thickness of conductor reduces-

For the same amount of power to transfer, the line current will
reduce and so does the current carrying capacity of conductors.
The reduced current capacity will result in the less volume of
conductor for a given length
Reduced I2R losses-

With the reduction in line currents comes the reduction in i2r losses.
Better efficiencyWith lesser line losses due to reduced i2r loss, the efficiency of
transmission increases.

DISADVANTAGES OF HIGH FREQUENCY

TRANSMISSIONInductor drop increases with increase in frequency
Corona loss increases
Interference with communication line/ telephone line
High losses due to skin effect
Line losses increases, power transfer capacity will decrease
Large capability losses
Filters are increased
Noise will increase

DISADVANTAGES OF DC
TRANSMISSION ExpensiveConverter stationsneeded to connect to AC power grids arevery
expensive.
ComplexIn contrast to AC systems, designing and operating multi-terminal
HVDCsystems is complex.
Radio noiseThe high-frequency constituents found in direct current
transmission systemscan cause radio noise in communications
lines that are situated near theHVDC transmission line.

OBJECTIVE To design a transformer to supply 28kW at 330V DC to

the aerostat at 1500m above the ground.
CONSTRAINTS1) Weight of the transformer has to be minimized so as
to install it inside the aerostat.
2) Power loss has to be minimum to avoid melting of
tether when rolled.

DESIGNING OF TRANSFORMER

 First we select the input of the step-down transformer

located atVoltage
airborne.
Current AWG
Total
Power
(kV)

(Amps)

resistan loss
ce()
(kW)
(For
1.5km)
1
35
8
6.45
7.9
2
17.5
13
6.97
22.77
3
16
6.05
11.67
44.46
3.3
10.6
16
4.99
44.46
4
8.75
18
61.8
4.73
5
7
20
4.43
For above 4kV we encounter insulation
problem, so we
90.45
6
5.83
20 above 4kV 3.07
cant select supply
voltage
and
below
3kV
90.45

power loss factor occur. So for optimal condition we use

3.3kV supply.

SPECIFICATION OF TRANSFORMER 1. Output-35 KVA

2. Voltage- 3.3KV/330V without tap changers and with
tapings
3. Frequency-50Hz
4. Number of phase One
5. Rating Continuous
6. Cooling Natural
7. Type core, distribution

CORE DESIGNVoltage per turn equation is given by-

E t= kKVA

For single phase core type transformer value of k is 0.75 to 0.85

So,
Now, Flux in the core (m) :
we get

E t = 4.73 Volts/turn ;
m = Et / 4.44*f
m= 21.3*10-3 Wb ;

Net iron area (Ai)Ai = m/Bm

Ai=21.3*10-3/1.5
Ai =142 cm2;

(Bm =1.5Wb/m2 )

SQUARE CORE WITH CIRCULAR COIL-

Net iron area(Ai) = stacking factor * Agi

Ai= 0.9*0.5d2 (for 10% insulation stacking factor is 0.9)
Ai=0.45d2
Since Ai=142cm2;
142=0.45*d2
d=17.76 cm
a=12.56 cm

WINDOW DIMENSION As the iron area of the leg Ai and the window area Aw =
(height of the window Hw x Width of the window Ww)
increases the size of the transformer also increases. The
size of the transformer increases as the output of the
transformer increases.

WINDOW SPACE FACTOR Window space factor is defined as the ratio of copper area in the
window to the area of the window. That is

Kw=11/(30+kVhv);
Kw=0.33
For single phase core type transformer
kVA= 2.22 f**Ai*Bm*Aw*Kw x 10-3
Aw=320.4 cm2;
In order to limit the leakage reactance of the transformer, H w is
made more than Ww. In practice Hw / Wwlies between 2.5 and 3.5.
By assuming Hw/Ww=3. we get Hw=31 cm & Ww= 10.33 cm.

YOKE DESIGNThe purpose of the yoke is to connect the legs providing a least
reluctance path. In order to limit the iron loss in the yoke, operating flux
density is reduced by increasing the yoke area. Generally, yoke area is
made 20% more than the leg area. So Area of yoke=1.2*area of limb.
Flux density in yoke =1.25Wb/m2
Net area of yoke = 1.2*area of limb = 170.4 cm2
Gross area of yoke = net area of yoke/0.9 = 189.33 cm 2
Whenever the yoke area is different from the leg area, yoke can consider
to be of rectangular type.
Taking depth(Dy)=a=12.56cm
Hy (Height of the yoke) =189.33/12.56
Hy (Height of the yoke)

=15.07cm

DIMENSION OF FRAME-

Height of the frame (H)

= Hw + 2Hy

= 61.14cm
Length (width) of the frame (W) = Ww +d +a
Depth of the frame (Dy)

=40.65 cm
=a=12.56 cm

HIGH VOLTAGE WINDING(PRIMARY WINDING) Primary line voltage (Vp)

Voltage per turn (Et)
Number of primary turns (Tp)
Primary current (Ip)
Current density of copper wire
Hence Cross sectional area

= 3.3kV
= 4.73 V
= 3300/4.73 700 turns
= 35/3.3 = 10.60A
= 1.4 A/mm2
=10.60/1.4=7.57 mm2

For this value of cross-sectional area we are using copper wire of SWG=10
Specification of SWG(10) copper wire :
Diameter of bare conductor
Cross-sectional area
Mass per length

= 3.25 mm
= 8.30 mm2
= 74.1 gm/m

LOW VOLTAGE WINDING(SECONDARY

WINDING) Secondary line voltage(Vs) = 330V
Voltage per turn(Et) = 4.73 V
Number of secondary turns = 330/4.73 = 69.76 turns
By providing 5% taps:
Number of secondary turns = 69.76*1.05 73 turns
Secondary current (Is) = 35000/330 = 106.06 A
Current density of copper wire
Hence,Cross-sectional area

= 1.4A/mm2

= 106.06/1.4=75.75 mm2

For this value of cross-sectional area we are using copper wire of SWG=0000(4/0)
Specification of SWG{0000(4/0)} copper wire :
Diameter of bare conductor
Cross-sectional area

= 10.2 mm

= 81.1 mm2

Mass per length = 723 gm/m

DETAILS OF SECONDARY WINDING Diameter of bare conductor {SWG=0000(4/0)}

=10.2 mm
Overall diameter with insulation
= 11 mm
Since, height of window Hw
So, number of turns in one layer
hence number of layers
=2.6 layers

= 31 cm
= 310/11 =28.18 turns
= total turns / turns in one layer

d = d + mean height of conductor in 3 layer

21.06 cm
Length of conductor for one turn
Total length of secondary winding
Mass per length
Total mass of secondary winding

= 17.76+(3*1.1)=

=66.16 cm
= 66.16*73 48.3 m

= 723 gm/m
= 723*48.3 gm =34.92 kg

DETAILS OF PRIMARY WINDING-

Diameter of bare conductor(SWG=10)

=3.25 mm
Overall diameter with insulation = 3.4 mm
Since, height of window Hw = 31 cm
So, number of turns in one layer

= 310/3.4 =91.17

and hence number of layers = total turns / turns in one layer

=7.67 layers
d=d +3.3+ mean height of conductor in 8 layer
= 27.08 cm.
Length of conductor for one turn
=
=85.07 cm
Total length of primary winding = 85.07*700=595.49 m
Mass per length = 74.1 gm/m
Total mass of primary winding
= 74.1*595.49 gm =44.12 kg

MASS CALCULATION1.Mass of copper conductor for primary and secondary winding

44.12+34.92 kg =79.04 kg
2.Total volume of the yoke(frame)

= H*W*a

=61.14 * 40.65 *12.56=31215.88 cm3

3. Total window volume

= Hw* Ww * a

= 31 * 10.33 * 12.56= 4022.09 cm3

Net iron volume = Total volume Window volume
= 31215.88 4022.09 27.2*10-3 m3
Density of Iron = 7.8 *103 kg/m3 ;
Mass of iron = net iron volume * density of Iron
27.2*10-3 * 7.8 *103= 212.16 kg
Total weight of Transformer = Mass of Copper + Mass of Iron
= 291.2 kg

TETHER DESIGN Tethered Aerostats are unmanned non rigid lighter than air
vehicles sometimes referred to as blimps. These
Aerostats remain anchored to the ground by tether cable.
This tether cable provides electrical power to the platforms
systems, as well as RADAR, infrared, CCTV, via fiber optics.
The tether cable can also act as the main tensile rope, this
involve the use of aramid fibers which act as the strength
member enabling the cable to withstand snatch loads of
several tones.

WEIGHT CALCULATION FOR TETHER Weight of ConductorWeight = 340.5 D2 GNK = lbs./1,000 ft.
Weight = 340.5 * (0.0114173)2 * 8.89 * 19 * 1.02=11.36
kg/km
Total weight of 4 conductor wire of 1.5km each=11.36
*4*1.5
=
68.2 kg
Weight of Insulation- Weight = 340.5 (D2 d2 ) G =
lbs./1,000 ft.
Weight = 340.5 * {(0.1312)2 (0.05708)2} *2.15= 15.2

Weight of jacket After the use of four layers of strengthening material diameter under
jacket becomes 21mm. we use polyurethane for the jacket material
which has specific gravity of 1.12.
Weight
D

= 340.5 ( D2 d2 ) G = lbs./1,000 ft.

= diameter over jacket in inches

d= diameter under jacket in inches

G

= specific gravity of jacket material

Weight = 340.5 * {(0.8857)2 (0.8266)2} * 1.12

Weight = 38.59 lbs/ft
Weight = 57.43 kg/km
Total weight of jacket material for 1.5km = 57.43 * 1.5 = 86.1 kg

CONCLUSION The study concluded that overhead high-voltage

alternating current (HVAC) transmission lines provide a
good balance from a cost and technical perspective. This
technology will likely remain the main option for power
transmission.
Aerostats can be used for various applications:
Surveillance
Communications relay
Long range wireless networks
Scientific research