FORM 4

CHAPTER 2 :
THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

Matter
Element
Atom

The smallest
neutral particle
of an element
that can take
part in a
chemical
reaction

Neon gas

Compound
Molecule

Ion

A group of two
or more atoms
that are
chemically
bonded together

A positivelycharged or
negativelycharged particle

Hydrogen gas

Ammonia gas

Sodium chloride

Historical Development of Atomic

Models
John Daltons
Positively charged
sphere

J. J. Thomsons

Negatively charged
electron

Ernest Rutherfords

Nucleus that
contains protons
Electron moves around
the nucleus

Electron

Niels Bohrs

Nucleus
that contains
protons

Electron
shell
Nucleus
that contains
protons and
neutrons

James Chadwicks

Electron
Electron
shell

Representation of Element
Nucleon number

23
11

Na

Symbol of Element

Proton number
Nucleon number = number of neutrons + number of protons
Proton number = number of protons

Structure of An Atom of Element

e- ee-

Nucleus

ee-

11p
12n

ee-

Number of valence electron

(electron in the outermost
shell) = 1
Electron Arrangement :
2.8.1

ee- eAn Atom of Sodium

Number of protons = proton number

Number of neutrons = nucleon number proton number
As an atom is neutral,

meaning

Isotopes are atoms of the same element.

having the same number of protons
but different number of neutrons.

Isotopes
Uses of
radioisotopes

Medicine (Cobalt-60) - To treat cancer patients

Agriculture (gamma rays) - To cause mutation in pests
Industry (gamma rays, Sodium-24) - To control thickness of
products, to detect leakages of underground pipes
Food irradiation (gamma radiation of Cobalt-60) - To inhibit
budding in potatoes
Archeology (Carbon-14) - To estimate age of bones, wood and

KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

Arrangement and movement of particles in

solid,liquid and gases.

Particles

Particles are very

closely packed in
orderly manner
Vibrate and rotate
about their fixed
position
Strong attraction
forces between the
particles
Low energy content

are loosely
packed and not in
orderly manner
Vibrate, rotate and
glide on one another
Intermediate
attraction forces
between the particles
Higher energy
contents

Particles are very

loosely packed ,rotate
and move randomly
Weak attraction
forces between the
particles
Highest energy
content
6

DIFFUSION

Matter are made up of tiny and discrete particles that are

constantly moving
Particles move from higher
concentration region to
lower concentration region

The rate of diffusion

are lowest in solids

The rate of diffusion

are lower in liquids

7
The rate of diffusion
are highest in gases

INTER-CONVERSION OF
STATES OF MATTER

Heat absorbed
Heat released

HEATING
CURVE

COOLING
A
CURVE

D
B

E
C

E
D
F

BC- mixture of solid and liquid BC mixture of gas and liquid

DE mixture of liquid and gas

DE mixture of liquid and solid

BC,DE the temperature

remain constant because the
heat energy supplied is
absorbed is used to overcome
the attraction between the

BC,DE the temperature remain

constant because heat released
during freezing (bond formation)
9
is the same as heat loss to
surrounding