Controlling

Unit-IV

It implies Measurement and correcting of

performance of subordinates to ensure that the predetermined objectives are accomplished.
Control is the process of checking actual
performance against the agreed standard of plans
with a view to ensuring adequate progress and
satisfactory performance.
Involves taking corrective actions in case the
performance is not satisfactory.
Managerial function of control implies measurement
of actual performance, Comparing it with standards
set by plans and correction of deviations to ensure
achievement of objectives according to plans.

Characteristics :

Pervasive Function :- Performed at all levels.

Review of Past Events : - Deviations in past are
Revealed.
Helps in knowing the past poor performance.
Forward Looking : -Corrective Actions can be taken in
regard to future operations.
Action-Oriented :- Implies taking corrective Measure.
Continuous Process : - Involves constant analyses of
validity of standards, Policies, Procedures etc.

Controlling Process or Steps in

Controlling

Types of Control :

Strategic Control :
{ Continuous Evaluation of Strategy.}

Strategic
control
involves
monitoring
critical
environmental factors to ensure that strategic plans are
implemented as proposed, evaluating the impact of
strategic plans, and adjusting such plans when
necessary
strategic control is mainly the function of top-level
managers. These managers may also exercise
operational control to monitor the implementation of
plans at the middle and lower levels of management to
ensure that strategic plans are being implemented as
intended or planned.

Operational Control :
{Concerned with Action }

Operational control involves overseeing the

implementation of operational plans, monitoring dayto-day results, and taking corrective action when
necessary. Lower- level managers concerned with
schedules, budgets, rules, and specific individual
output requirements make use of operational
control. Using operational control, a lower-level
manager provides feedback regarding the tasks
being carried out on a day- to-day basis in order to
achieve the short-term and long-term goals of the
organization.

ESSENTIALS OF EFFECTIVE
CONTROL SYSTEM

Control should be acceptable to the subordinates

Control should be understandable.

Control system should register the deviations quickly

System must be designed in such a manner as to identify the

deviations quickly and to send the warning signal at the initial stages.

Control should be economical

The individuals with the responsibility for monitoring operations and

comparing them with established standards must understand clearly
the control system being used

It should not cost more than the worth of the process, which is to be
controlled.

Control should be flexible

As the environment in which organization operates, changes, the

control system should be flexible enough to change with it

 Control

system should indicate corrective

actions

Once deviations are detected, the control system

should be capable of identifying causes for the
variations and suggesting ways of correcting them.

Control

system should be simple

Control system should be motivating

Methods of Control :

Pre-control or Feed forward Control of input : - Involves

evaluation of inputs & Taking corrective action before a
particular sequence of operation is completed.

Concurrent Control of operations : - Is Exercised during

the operation of a program.

Inputs in the production process may include materials, people,

finances, time and other resources used by an organization
Monitors inputs into a process (Whether According to Plan).

Making adjustment while program is still in operation.

Concurrent control regulates ongoing activities that are a part
of the transformation process to ensure that they conform to
organizational standards.

Post control of outputs or Feedback Control : - Based on

Measurement of the results.

Feedback control measures the results and compares them

against the predetermined standards. This form of control is
exercised after a product or service has been produced to
ensure that the final output meets quality standards and
goals.

What is Quality Control ?

The Word Quality Refers to the Degree of

Excellence of a product.
Control is used to denote the process of setting
Standards, Measuring the performance and taking
corrective action.
Therefore Quality Control Means the recognition
and Removal of identifiable causes or defects and
variations from the set standards.
Refers to the systematic controls of various factors
that affect the quality of the end Product.

A Good quality Control Programme

Involves
Following
: - and
Establishing
the Steps
Standards

Specifications of Products.
Design and use of measures for making
production conform to standards.
Selection of the process of manufacture.
valuation of methods and Processes of
Manufacture.
Coordination of activities to improve the
quality.

Factors affecting Quality :

Technological Advancement :

Quality of Human Resources :

Include degree of Mechanization, Technical Know-how, Product

design etc.
Improvement in any of the technological factors will contribute
toward increasing quality.
If Employees are not adequately qualified or are not Properly
Motivated, All the steps taken to increase quality will have no
Result.

Availability of Finance :

If Adequate financial resources are not available then it will not

be possible to give appropriate training to workers and
introduce technical Improvements.

Management Commitment :

Professional Managers are required to make better use

of the new technology to improve quality.
The managers must be willing to take initiative to create
better quality products.

Natural Factors :

Natural factors such a s physical, Geographical &

Climate exert considerable impact on quality.

Steps to Improve Quality :

Improved Raw Materials.

Better Technology.
Scientific Selection of Workers.
Good Working Conditions.
Quality and Cost Consciousness.
Industrial Research New Methods &
Techniques of Production will Increase
quality

Developing a quality control

system:-

Significance of Quality Control :

Brings Quality Consciousness in the enterprise

which discourages the manufacture or Production
of Substandard product.
Ensures Better Utilization of Resources.
Helps in Providing Greater Satisfaction to
customers (Sales are Increased)
Cost of Production is Decreased (Less Wastage)
Morale of employees is increased.
Creates Good Public image of the Enterprise.

Methods of Quality Control :

Inspection of Quality : - Aims at Getting the

Products of the Right Quality.

Inspection may be Either Remedial or Preventive.

Used at the time of Purchase of Raw Material.

Statistical quality control

Applies the statistical tools to testing or inspection.

Makes sample Inspection. More reliable.

Types of Inspection :

Remedial Inspection :- Done to separate usable

raw material or work in-progress from defective
raw Material or work in-progress.
Preventive Inspection :- Done to find out the
causes Responsible for defective work and to
suggest Measures to overcome these causes.
Operative Inspection : - Done to check and control
the Quality standards in the production process.
Centralized and Floor Inspection :-

Total Quality Management

(TQM)

Continuous improvement of quality with the Cooperation of

workers through innovation in product and technology so as to
meet the changing requirement of the customers.
ISO : 9000 Series Standard by international standards
organization is an attempt to help the industrial organizations in
adopting total quality management.
Total quality Management (TQM) refers to meeting the
requirements of customers consistently by continuous
improvement in the quality of work of all employees.
For achieving total quality, three things are essential :

Meeting customers Requirement.

Continuous improvement through management process.
Involvement of all employees

Benefits of TQM :

TQM brings quality consciousness in the enterprise

which encourages the production of quality products.
TQM helps in providing greater satisfaction to customers
by meeting their requirements. {Sales Increases}.
Creates good public image of the enterprise by helping it
to provide goods and services of higher quality to the
society.
Better Utilization of Resources.
Wastages are Reduced to minimum. As a result, cost of
production is Reduced and profitability is increased. and
customers could be provided goods at lower price.

Steps in Implementation of
TQM : PDCA

Cycle [Plan-Do-Check-Act] for

implementation suggested by W.E. Deming.