VIRUSES

M01-Pendahuluan- ASELULAR
VIRUS

1. All organisms are composed of one or

more cells. (Schleiden & Schwann)(183839)

2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all

living things. (Schleiden & Schwann)(183839)

3. All cells are produced by the division of

preexisting cells. (Virchow)(1858)

Modern Cell Theory contains 4 statements, in addition to the original

Cell Theory:

The cell contains hereditary information(DNA) which is passed on

from cell to cell during cell division.

All cells are basically the same in chemical composition and

metabolic activities.

All basic chemical & physiological functions are carried out inside
the cells.(movement, digestion,etc)

Cell activity depends on the activities of sub-cellular structures

within the cell(organelles, nucleus, plasma membrane)

Structure of Virus
1. Capsid :
This shell is composed of protein organized in subunits known as
capsomers. Capsomere proteins may be identical or different.They
are closely associated with the nucleic acid and reflect its
configuration, either a rod-shaped helix or a polygon-shaped phere.
2. Genetic Material : Nucleic acid Either RNA or DNA, not both
Nucleocapsid = Capsid + Genetic Material
3. Additionally some viruses have an Envelope (consists of proteins,
glycoproteins, and host lipids). Derived from host membranes.

Viruses - The Boundary of Life

(www.dellpassovoy.com/
www.dellpassovoy.com/Virus
Viruses.
es.ppt
ppt - Mirip )

Strictly speaking, they should not be considered

"living" organisms at all. However, they are more
complex than a lifeless collection of
macromolecules and they do show one of the
most important signs of life: the ability to
reproduce at a fantastic rate but only in a
Host cell.

Without a host cell, viruses cannot carry out their life-

sustaining functions or reproduce. They cannot translate

viral messenger RNA into viral proteins, because they
lack ribosomes and must use the ribosomes of their
host cells to.
Viruses cannot generate or store energy of ATP so have

to derive their energy, and all other metabolic functions,

from the host cell.
They also parasitize the cell for basic building materials,

such as amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids or fats

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/virus.html)

Characteristics of all viruses

Acellular infectious agents, containing genetic

material surrounded by protein

(www.worldofteaching.com/powerpoints/biology/viruses.ppt)

Possess either DNA or RNA

Incapable of independent metabolisms
A virus is an obligate intracellular parasite
(http://www.slideworld.org/viewslides.aspx/Introduction-to-Virology-ppt-67425)

Viruses are classified by the following

characteristics:
Host infected
Capsid shape (Size and number of

capsomers)
Type of genetic material
Presence or absence of envelope
Type of disease produced
Target cell
Immunological properties

The most important Taxonomic

criteria are:
1. Host Organism(s): eukaryote;
prokaryote; vertebrate, etc.
2. Particle Morphology :
filamentous; isometric; naked;
enveloped
3. Genome Type: RNA; DNA; ss- or
ds-circular; linear

Infection Stages :
1.

ATTACHMENT: A specific virus attaches to the

surface of a specific cell

2.

INVADE: The nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) of the virus

is injected into the cell. (Note : ~ Penetration etc.)

3.

COPY: The viral nucleic acid takes control of the

cell an begins to make new virus particles. (Note : ~
Replication etc.)

4.

RELEASE: The cell bursts open, hundreds of new

virus particles are released from the cell. These
virus particles go on to infect other cells. (Note : ~
Lysis ---- although not always lysis/rupturing host
cell)

The presence of cell walls will influence the way

viruses enter and leave the cell. Since viruses

Differences
between
bacteriophages
cannot penetrate
plant cell
walls, virtually all&
viruses
that infect
eukaryotic
cellsor other
plant viruses
are transmitted
by insects
organisms that feed on plants.
In animal viruses, the virus attaches to specific
receptors on the plasma membrane and the
whole virus is taken in by endocytosis
(pinocytosis or phagocytosis).
Viral Reproductive Cycles - http://www.biog11051106.org/demos/106/unit04/media/6a.viralreprocycles.pdf

Differences between
bacteriophages
and viruses
Not all infections of animal
host cells result in
that
eukaryotic
cellsof
lysisinfect
of the cell
(as in the lytic cycle
bacteriophages).
In the case of enveloped animal viruses, the

viruses are released by a budding process. The

process is slow and the host cell may remain
alive and continue to release viruses over a long
period of time.
Viral Reproductive Cycles - http://www.biog11051106.org/demos/106/unit04/media/6a.viralreprocycles.pdf

Life Cycle of Animal Viruses

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S09527915060
02354

1A. Attachment or adsorption: Virus binds to specific

receptors (proteins or glycoproteins) on the cell surface.
B. Penetration: Virus enters cell through direct fusion or
endocytosis through a clathrin coated pit

Life Cycle of Animal Viruses

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S09527915060
02354

2. Uncoating: Separation of viral nucleic acid from protein

capsid.
Lysosomal, cytoplasmic, or viral enzymes may be
involved.

Life Cycle of Animal

Viruses

3. Synthetic Phase:
Synthesis of viral proteins in cytoplasm
Replication of viral genome:
DNA viruses typically replicate in nucleus
RNA viruses replicate in cytoplasm
Assembly of progeny virus particles

Life Cycle of Animal

Viruses
The synthetic stage :
Early period: Synthesis of proteins required for
replication of viral genetic material.

Late period: Nucleic acid replication and

synthesis of capsid and envelope proteins

4. Release of progeny virions:

Lysis of cells: viruses leave cell by rupturing the cell membrane.
Usually results in death of the host cell. Example: Poliovirus
Budding: Enveloped viruses incorporate viral proteins in specific
areas of a membrane and bud through the membrane. Envelope
contains host lipids and carbohydrates. Host cell does not necessarily
die. Example: HIV

http://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/viruses_and_prio
ns.htm

Life Cycle of Animal

Viruses

Life Cycle of Bacteriophages

Lytic Cycle: Cell bursts at end of cycle

1. Attachment or
adsorption:
Virus tail binds to receptors
on the cell surface.
2. Penetration:
Virus injects genetic material
(DNA) into cell. Tail releases
lysozyme, Capsid remains
outside.
3. Biosynthesis:
Viral proteins and nucleic acids
Are made.

Life Cycle of
Bacteriophages

Lytic Cycle: Cell bursts at end of cycle

4. Maturation:
Bacteriophage capsids and
DNA are assembled into
complete virions.
5. Release:
Bacteriophage virions are
Released from the cell.
Plasma membrane
breaks open and cell lyses.

Burst time: Time from

attachment to
release of new virion (20-40
minutes).
Burst size: Number of new
phage

Virophage
http://www.nature.com/news/2008/080806/full/454677a.html pkl. 21.05 tg 2sept 08.

a virus that attacks a bigger virus. The first

virophage has been named Sputnik.
Viroids
are plant pathogens that consist of a short stretch (a
few hundred nucleobases) of highly complementary,
circular, single-stranded RNA without the protein
coat that is typical for viruses.
The smallest so far is a 220 nucleobase scRNA (small
cytoplasmic RNA) associated with the rice yellow
mottle sobemovirus (RYMV).[1]

Prions
infectious agents called PrP 27-30, composed exclusively
of a single sialoglycoprotein (27,000 - 30,000 daltons)
and is composed of 145 amino acids with glycosylation.
They contain no nucleic acid. This protein polymerizes
into rods possessing the ultrastructural and histochemical
characteristics of amyloid.
Amyloid is a generic term referring to any optically
homogenous, waxy, translucent glycoprotein; it is
deposited intercellularly and/or intracellularly in many
human diseases such as:
Alzheimer's disease , Kuru Leprosy etc.
http://www.kcom.edu/faculty/chamberlain/Website/Lects/PRIONS.HTM

Latent Life Cycle

Virus

Cell

Integration (usually)
Transformation

Virus-specific proteins expressed ; Loss of growth

control ; Ability to form tumors - viral genes interfere
with control of cell replication - No mature virus

24

Types of FLU
There are 3 types of flu viruses.
(1). Type A : the most virulent human pathogens and found
in many kinds of animals, including ducks, chickens,
pigs, and humans.
(2). Type B : almost exclusively infects humans & less
common than A.
(3). Type C has been infects humans, dogs and pigs,
sometimes causing both severe illness & local
epidemics. However, influenza C is less common &
usually only causes mild disease in children.
http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avian/gen-info/flu-viruses.htm

Influenza viruses can change in two different ways:

1. antigenic drift (all the time) and

2. antigenic shift (occasionally)

Influenza type A viruses undergo both kinds of

changes;
Influenza type B viruses change only by the more
gradual process of antigenic drift.

Antigenic Drift
Antigenic drift refers to small, gradual changes

that occur through

point mutations in the
two genes that produce the main surface
proteins, hemagglutinin, and neuraminidase.
These mutations occur unpredictably & result in
minor changes of surface protein.
Antigenic drift produces new virus s trains that

may not be recognized by antibodies to earlier

influenza strains. This is one of the main
reasons why people can become I nfected with
influenza viruses more than one time.

Antigenic Shift
Antigenic shift refers to a major change to produce a

new human influenza A subtype that was not

currently circulating among people
Antigenic shift can occur :

1) either through direct animal (poultry)-to-human

transmission
or
2) through mixing of human and animal influenza A
virus genes to create a new human influenza A
subtype virus through a process called genetic
reassortment.

The differences between influenza

and cold
Signs and
Symptoms

Influenza

Cold

Symptom onset

Abrupt

Gradual

Fever

Usual; lasts 3-4 days

Rare

Aches

Usual; often severe

Slight

Chills

Fairly common

Uncommon

Fatigue, weakness

Usual

Sometimes

Sneezing

Sometimes

Common

Stuffy nose

Sometimes

Common

Sore throat

Sometimes

Common

Chest discomfort,
cough

Common; can be
severe

Mild to moderate;
hacking cough

Headache

Common

Rare
http://www.flufacts.com/know/what-is.jsp

A global influenza pandemic

(worldwide spread) may occur if three
conditions are met:
1. A new subtype of influenza A virus
is
introduced into the human
population.
2. The virus causes serious illness in
humans.