Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Agriculture
An introduction from Genetic
to improvement in Agriculture
19 February
Ryza Aditya
Outline
World Population
Genetic modification consequence
of cultivation
genetic technologies to improved
plants
GM example and principal
Molecular Farming
Conclusion
www.wfp.org
Image courtesy CDC/ Dr. Lyle Conrad (number 6901) Image courtesy CDC (number 6903)
Improving dietary
intake of
carotenes can
reduce child
mortality by 25 %
WHO data
Inflamed,
scorbutic
gums caused
by vitamin C
deficiency
2009
2 km
The Hobet coal mine in Boone
County, West Virginia spreads
over 10,000 acres (15.6 square
miles)
NASA images by Robert Simmon, based on Landsat 5 data from the USGS Global Visualization Viewer.
...dammed
rivers...
1987
2006
Three Gorges Dam, the world's
largest hydroelectric power
generator. The reservoir just
upstream of the dam is more
than 2 miles (3 km) across
+ View movie of
the dam's constr
uction
Photo credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio United States Geological Survey and Le Grand Portage
....caused
extinctions.....
The dodo (Raphus cucullatus) was a
large flightless bird indigenous to
Mauritius. The arrival of humans led
to the dodos extinction by the end of
the 17th century.
thousand
years ago
Wild gathering
Predomestication
cultivation
Domestication
Neolithic
Revolutio
n
Allaby, R.G., Fuller, D.Q., and Brown, T.A. (2008) The genetic expectations of a protracted model for the origins of domesticated crops. Proc. Natl. Acad.
Sci. USA 105: 13982-13986, copyright National Academy of Sciences USA
Natural
variation
within
population
7000
years ago
500
years
ago
Photo Robert S. Peabody Museum of Archaeology, Phillips Academy, Andover,
Massachusetts. All Rights Reserved.
Photo by Hugh Iltis; Reprinted from Doebley, J.F., Gaut, B.S., and Smith, B.D. (2006). The Molecular
Genetics of Crop Domestication. Cell 127: 1309-1321, with permission from Elsevier.
Higher yields
Less loss to drought,
flooding, temperature
extremes
Less loss to pests and
pathogens
Improved shelf life
Better understanding of
plant biochemistry, nutrient
uptake, photosynthesis,
growth and development
Improved tools for breeding
and genomics
Flooding-tolerant rice
Virus-resistant tomatoes
Broccoli that
stays fresh
longer
Reprinted by permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd. (NATURE) Xu, K., Xu, X., Fukao, T., Canlas, P., Maghirang-Rodriguez, R., Heuer, S., Ismail, A.M., Bailey-Serres, J., Ronald,
P.C., and Mackill, D.J. (2006).
Sub1A is an ethylene-response-factor-like gene that confers submergence tolerance to rice. Nature 442: 705-708. ; Broccoli photos courtesy Jocelyn Eason, Plant and Food, New Zealand; Anderson, L.K., Lai, A., Stack,
S.M., Rizzon, C. and Gaut, B.S. (2006). Uneven distribution of expressed sequence tag loci on maize pachytene chromosomes. Genome Research. 16: 115-122; William M. Brown Jr., Bugwood.org
1961
198
2000
World rice yield0 (ton/ha) (FAO)
Phenotype:
physical
expression of traits
Phenotype:
physical
expression of traits
Elite tomato
We have to repeatedly
cross back to the elite
tomato, using markers
to identify plants with
the disease resistance
gene
After several
generations,
elite, disease
resistant
tomato
PA CHIAM
SERAUP
BESAR 15
FORTUNA
M ARONG
PAROC
original rice
genome
BPI 76
UNKNOWN
BLUE ROSE
SUPREM E
REXORO
KITCHILI SAM BA
Mutatio
ns
CINA
Breeding tree
of Indica Rice
IR64
SINAWPAGH
UNKNOWN
LATISAIL
TEXAS
PATNA
RSBR
GEB24
Recombinatio
ns
PETA
DGWG
SLO 17
IR86
CP SLO 17
CHOW SUNG
VELLAIKAR
IR400
M UDGO
TETEP
IR1163
IR127
NM S 4
TADUKAN
IR1006
SIGADIS
NAHNG M ON S4
IR262
IR1103
BENONG
Inversions
IR95
IR8
Translocatio
ns
BLUE BONNET
CP231
CO 18
IR238
TN1
IR1416
IR1402
O. nivara
IR1870
IR1641
IR22
IR1614
TKM 6
IR2006
IR579
IR773 A
BPI 121
IR1915 B
Deletions
IR746A
IR747
IR24/ IR661
IR1704
IR1721
GAM PAI
IR1833
IR1916
GAM PAI 15
IR1561
IR833
IR1737
IR2040
IR2146
IR 2055
IR2061
IR5236
IR5338
IR5657
IR18348
IR64
IR 64
Ultimate Landraces
GAM PAI
DEE GEO WOO GEN
CINA
LATISAIL
TADUKAN
KITCHILI SAMBA
PA CHIAM
SERAUPBESAR 15
NAHNG MON S 4
VELLAIKAR
GM
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
pathogen and useful tool
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
is a plant pathogen that
induces tumors on about
60% of dicotyledonous
angiosperms and
gymnosperms
Cherry
Casimiro,I.,Marchant,A.,Bhalerao,R.P.,Beeckman,T.,Dhooge,S.,Swarup,R.,Graham,N.,Inz,D.,Sandberg,G.,Casero,P.J.andBennett,M.
(2001).AuxintransportpromotesArabidopsislateralrootinitiation.PlantCell.13:843852.HerbPilcher
Elite tomato
Source of gene
(disease-resistant
plant)
Gene of interest
Isolate gene
of interest
using
molecular
biology
methods
Once a gene is
introduced into
the plant
genome it
functions like any
other gene
Recombine into
recipient plant
DNA
2. Genetic resources
must be available
3. Plant should be
propagated
sexually
2. Genetic resources
must be available
GM
2. Genetic resources
not required
3. Plant should be
propagated
sexually
3. Plant can be
propagated
vegetatively
Photo
Photocredits:
credits:Gramene.org
Gramene.org ETH Life International
Resistant
Susceptible
Bacillus thuringiensis
expressing insecticidal
Bt toxin can be sprayed
onto plants
Plant cell
expressing Bt
toxin
Processing
Plant cell
expressing Bt
toxin
Intestinal
lumen
Receptor
binding
Plant cell
expressing Bt
toxin
Pore
assembly
GM Example: Herbicide
resistance
Plants compete with other
plants for sunlight and
nutrients. Many farmers
use herbicides to eliminate
weeds (undesired plants)
from their fields.
Soybean
*
Cerdeira, A.L. and Duke, S.O. (2006). The Current Status and Environmental Impacts of Glyphosate-Resistant Crops. J.
Environ. Qual. 35: 1633-1658. Photo credit Hunt Sanders, University of Georgia, bugwood.org.
-carotene is converted
to vitamin A in the
human body
-carotene
Vitamin A
GGPP
Synthesis phytoene
lycopene
-carotene
Vitamin A
Storage
Chromoplasts
organelles that store
carotenoids
Catabolis
m or
conversion
to other
forms
-carotene
makes the
rice look
golden
Molecular Farming
Plant
Products
I.
Therapeutic proteins
Enzymes
Antibodies (plantibodies)
Vaccines
2. Industrial products
Proteins
Enzymes
Modified starches
Oils
Waxes
Plastics
Plant Golgi
-1,2-Mannosidase I
1,2-mannosidase I
UDP-GlcNAc
Transporter
GnT1
N-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase I (GnT-I)
UDP-GlcNAc
Transporter
-mannosidase II
GnT-II
UDP-Gal
Transporter
GalT
CMP-NeuAc
synthetase
SAT
50,000 /40 kg
-Mannosidase II
Fuc-Transferase
F
GnT-II
Xyl-Transferase
F X N-acetyl-Glucosaminidase
F X
Complex Type
Comparison of pharmaceutical
expression systems
Expression
system
Advantages
Disadvantages
Applications
Yeast
Beer fermentation;
recombinant vaccines;
hepatitis B viral vaccine;
human insulin
Insect
cells
Posttranslational modifications;
properly folded proteins; fairly high
expression levels
Bacteria
Mammalian
cells
Transgenic
animals
Transgenic
plants
Cost per
gram
$50100
$500
5,000
$2050
$1020
Erythropoietein
Human Growth Factor
-Interferon
Malaria epitopes
Streptococcus Surface
Antigen IgA (Dental
Caries)
Carcinoembryonic
Antigen
Colon Cancer Antigens
Interleukin 10 (Chrohns
Disease; Inflammatory
Bowel Syndrome)
Glucocerebrosidase
(Gauchers Disease)
Interleukin 4
Urokinase (Breaks Blood
Clots)
Human Serum Albumin
Rabies Antigens
Hepatitis B Surface
Antigen
Rotavirus VP6
Labile Eneterotoxin
(Botulism)
Measles
Aprotinin (Protease
Inhibitor)
-Galactosidase (Fabrys
Disease)
Interferon 2a and 2b
Personalized NonHodgkins Lymphoma
Vaccines
(Womans Disease;
Atherosclerotic Plaques)
Trichosanthin (HIV)
Cancer
Diagnostics for
Ecclampsia
Commercial Pharma/IndustrialCrop
Products
Product
Trade Name
Pharma
Crop
Source of
Genes
Commercial
Purpose
Company
Producing
Company Selling
(product number)
Aprotinin
AproliZean
Corn
Cow
Research and
manufacturing
ProdiGene
Not available
Aprotinin
Apronexin
Tobacco
Cow
Research and
manufacturing
LargeScaleBi
ology
Avidin
Recombinant
avidin
Corn
Chicken
Research and
diagnostic reagent
ProdiGene
Sigma ChemicalCompany
(A8706)
B-glucuronidase
(GUS)
Not available
Corn
Bacteria
Research and
diagnostic reagent
ProdiGene
Not available
Trypsin
TrypZean
Corn
Cow
Research
andmanufacturing
ProdiGene
Lactoferrin
Not available
Rice
Human
Research
Ventria
Bioscience
Sigma ChemicalCompany
(L4040)
Lysozyme
Not available
Rice
Human
Research
Ventria
Bioscience
Notes
(1) Information on specific commercial uses of pharmaceutical and industrialcrop products is not available to the public.
Some have potential applications for human or veterinary medicine but none has been approved by the Food and Drug
Administration, which regulates drugs.
(2) Most of these products have been commercialized through Sigma Chemical Company, which specializes in products for
research and diagnostic purposes. AproliZean and B-glucuronidase have been commercialized according to ProdiGene
documents, but their current availability is unknown.
(3) Unlike pharmaceutical corn, tobacco itself is not genetically engineered. Rather, a tobacco mosaic virus is engineered to
contain a gene for aprotinin. The engineered virus then produces aprotinin in tobacco plants infected with the virus.
UDP-GlcNAc
Transporter
GnT1
-mannosidase II
GnT-II
UDP-Gal
Transporter
GalT
CMP-NeuAc
synthetase
SAT
Host development
Recombinant DNA
Transformation
technology
Production of PMPs
regeneration
Purification
&Cultivation
WT
del/ros
(line N)
del/ros
del/ros
(line C)
(line N)
Cancer-prone mice fed
high-anthocyanin
tomatoes lived longer
than control mice
Butelli, E., Titta, L., Giorgio, M., Mock, H.-P., Matros, A., Peterek, S., Schijlen, E.G.W.M., Hall, R.D., Bovy, A.G., Luo, J. and Martin, C. (2008).
Enrichment of tomato fruit with health-promoting anthocyanins by expression of select transcription factors. Nat. Biotech. 26: 1301-1308.
Conclusion
-carotene
makes the
rice look
golden
There is no
inherently right
or wrong way to
enhance plant
nutritional
quality
-carotene
Vitamin A
The -carotene
enriched foods
shown here
have been
produced using
GM and non-GM
approaches
Photo credit: Golden rice humanitarian board
YES
GM biofortification can
ensure that all children
get adequate levels of
protein, vitamins and
mineral nutrients.
GM is a safe and
beneficial tool in the
quest to sustainably
feed the growing
population
Photo credit: Neil Palmer/ CIAT
Thank you
Reference / Sources
Teaching tool in Plant Biology www.theplantcell.org
Molecular farming slides: PBTL, Gyeongsang Nat. Univ.
And some other online resources