Oaktable

 Jonathan Lewis and ORACLE_TRACE

 Oracle_Trace crashes my Database
 I start the SGA attach by searching every offset
 Anjo Kolk says James Morle wrote a program
using x$ksmmem
 I show James my first draft using x$ksmmem
 James is baffled by why I'm hard coding offsets
 James says the offsets are in some X$ table
 I search, turn up a mail by Jonathan Lewison
x$kqfco
 Goldmine – all the offsets
 Thanks Mogens Nogard!
 Thanks to TomKyte's Decimal to Hex
http://oraperf.sourceforge.net
Direct Oracle SGA Memory
Access

Reading data directly from

Oracle’s shared memory
segment using C code

Wednesday, June 11, 2008

SGA on UNIX

SMON Snnn
Dnnn Pnnn

PMON
 SGA Redo Log
CKPT
Shared Pool Database Buffer Cache Buffer

DBWR
ARCH

LGWR

oracle  sqlplus Machine

Memory
SGA on NT

Snnn Dnnn Pnnn CKPT

SMON Machine
Shared Pool Database Buffer Cache
Redo Log
Buffer Memory
PMON

DBWR
LGWR ARCH oracle 

Process Space sqlplus

What is the SGA
 Memory Cache
 Often Used Data
 Rapid Access
 Shareable
 Concurrently Access
SGA 4 main regions
 Fixed information
– Users info
– Database statistics
– X$dual
– etc
 Data block cache
 SQL cache ( library cache/shared pool)
 Redo log buffer
How is the SGA info Used?
 Automatically
– data blocks cached
– Log buffer
– Sql cache
– Updates of system and user statistics

 User Queries
– User info v$session
– System info v$parameter
– Performance statistics v$sysstat, v$latch, v$system_event
– Buffer cache headers, x$bh
Why Direct Access with C?
 Reading Hidden Information
– Sort info on version 7
– OPS locking info version 8
– Contents of data blocks (only the headers or visible in X$)

 Access while Database is Hung

 High Speed Access
– Sampling User Waits, catch ephemeral data
– Scan LRU chain in X$bh
– Statistically approximate statistics
 SQL statistics per user

 Low overhead
Database Slow or Hung
Often happens at the largest sites when
cutting edge support is expected.

 Shared Pool errors ORA 4031

 Archiver or Log file Switch Hangs
 Hang Bugs
 Library Cache Latch contention
 ORA-00379: no free buffers available in
buffer pool DEFAULT
Statistical Sampling

By Rapidly Sampling SQL statistics

and the users who have the statistics
open, one can see how much work a
particular user does with a particular
SQL statement
Low Overhead
 Marketing Appeal
 Clients are sensitive about their
production databases
 Heisenberg uncertainty affect – less
overhead less affect monitoring has on
performance which we are monitoring  
SGA made visible through x$tables

 Most of the SGA is not visible

 X$KSMMEM Exception, Raw Dump of SGA
 Information Externalized through X$ tables
 Useful or Necessary information is Externalized
 Externalized publicly through V$ Tables
Machine Memory

0x80000000

SGA SGA
 Buffer Cache
Graphic SGA
SGA
0x80000000

Fixed Area
Buffer Cache

Shared Pool

Log Buffer
 Fixed Area
SGA X$KSUSECST- user waits
0x80000000

0x85251EF4
 X$KSUSECST
170 Records
2328 bytes

0x85251EF4 Row 1 Row 2

Row 3 …
X$KSUSECST Record

One Record in X$KSUSECST

1276

2328 bytes
X$KSUSECST Fields

1276 1278 1280 1284 1288

Seq # Event # p1 p2 p3
Externalization of C structs: X$
tables

If Structure foo was externalized in a X$

SQL> describe x$foo
Column Name Type
------------------------------ --------
ADDR RAW(8)
INDX NUMBER
ID NUMBER
B NUMBER
SGA is One Large C Struct

struct foo
{
int id;
int A;
int B;
int C;
};
struct foo foo[N];
Struct C code
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#define N 20
/* structure definition: */

struct foo
{
int id;
int a;
int b;
int c;
};
/* end structure definition */
Struct Record
main(){
struct foo foo[20];
int fptr;
/* zero out memory of struct */
memset(foo,0,sizeof(foo));

foo[0].id=1; /* row 0 */
foo[0].a=12;
foo[0].b=13;
foo[0].c=13;
Struct Write to File
foo[1].id=2; /* row 1 */
foo[1].a=22;
foo[1].b=23;
foo[1].c=24;
/* write to file, simulate SGA */
if ((fptr = open("foo.out",O_WRONLY | O_CREAT,0777)) < 0 )
return -1;

write(fptr,foo,sizeof(foo));
return 0;
}
Simulate SGA with a File

write(fp,foo,sizeof(foo));
Simulate SGA with a File

Row 0 Row 1

ID A B C ID A …
0 1 3 4 6 8 bits
0 4
6 8
2 1
8 1
4 2
0 bytes
0 4 8 C
2 1
6 1
0 hex bytes
0 4 1 1 2
0 2
4 oct
0
Memory address 4 0 4
Increasing bytes
Struct File Contents

$ ./foo
$ ls -l foo.out
-rw-r--r-- joe dba 320 Feb 10 19:41 foo.out

int = 32 bits
Int = 4 bytes
20 entries * 4 int * 4 bytes/int = 320 bytes
od – octal dump
$ od -l foo.out
0000000 1 12 13 13
0000020 2 22 23 24
0000040 0 0 0 0
*
0000500
Struct File Contents

Address is in Hex
Column 2 is the ID
Column 3 is field A
Column 4 is field B
Column 5 is field C
X$ tables ?
 Ok, x$foo =~ foo[20]
 How do I get a list of x$ tables?
 Where is each X$ located?
 V$Fixed_Tables
 V$Fixed_Table – list of X$
tables

SQL> desc v$fixed_table;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -----------------
NAME VARCHAR2(30)
OBJECT_ID NUMBER
TYPE VARCHAR2(5)
TABLE_NUM NUMBER
 Graphic: X$ Addresses
SGA
0x80000000

0x8????????
X$????
V$Fixed_Table
spool addr.sql
select
'select 'addr, ||''''||name||''''||' from ' || name ||'
where rownum < 2;'
from
v$fixed_table
where
name like 'X%'
/
spool off
@addr.sql
Example: finding the address
select
a.addr ,
'X$KSUSE'
from
X$KSUSE
where
rownum < 2 ;
X$ layout
6802B244 X$KSLEMAP
6802B7EC X$KSLEI
6820B758 X$KSURU
6820B758 X$KSUSE - v$session
6820B758 X$KSUSECST – v$session_wait
6820B758 X$KSUSESTA – v$session_stat
6820B758 X$KSUSIO
6826FBD0 X$KSMDD
6831EA0C X$KSRCHDL
What's in these X$ views
 V$ views are documented
 V$ views are based often on X$ tables
 The map from v$ to X$ is described in :

V$Fixed_View_Definition
V$Fixed_View_Definition
SQL> desc V$Fixed_View_Definition
Name Type
----------------------------------- --------------
VIEW_NAME VARCHAR2(30)
VIEW_DEFINITION
VARCHAR2(4000)
Definition of V$Session_Wait
SQL> select
VIEW_DEFINITION
from
V$FIXED_VIEW_DEFINITION
where
view_name='GV$SESSION_WAIT';
VIEW_DEFINITION
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
select s.inst_id,s.indx,s.ksussseq,e.kslednam, e.ksledp1,s.ksussp1,s.ksussp1r,e.
ksledp2, s.ksussp2,s.ksussp2r,e.ksledp3,s.ksussp3,s.ksussp3r, decode(s.ksusstim,
0,0,-1,-1,-2,-2, decode(round(s.ksusstim/10000),0,-1,round(s.ksusstim/10000)))
, s.ksusewtm, decode(s.ksusstim, 0, 'WAITING', -2, 'WAITED UNKNOWN TIME', -1, '
WAITED SHORT TIME', 'WAITED KNOWN TIME') from x$ksusecst s, x$ksled e where bit
and(s.ksspaflg,1)!=0 and bitand(s.ksuseflg,1)!=0 and s.ksussseq!=0 and s.ksussop
c=e.indx
The Fields in X$ tables
 OK, I've picked an X$
 I've got the starting address
 Now, how do I get the fields?
X$KQFTA
 Kernel Query Fixed_view Table
 INDX use to find column information
 KQFTANAM X$ table names
X$KQFCO
 Kernel Query Fixed_view Column
 KQFCOTAB Join with X$KQFTA.INDX
 KQFCONAM Column name
 KQFCOOFF Offset from beginning of the row
 KQFCOSIZ Columns size in bytes
X$KSUSECST Fields

1276 1278 1280 1284 1288 Address

Seq # Event # p1 p2 p3

2 2 4 4 4 BYTES
 SGA Contents in Resume
In resume:
Oracle takes the C structure defining the
SGA and maps it onto a shared memory
segment
Memory address Increasing
0x80000
00
Fixed Buffer Redo Library
SGA Cache Buffer Cache
Oracle provides access to some of the SGA
contents via X$ tables
**** Procedure *****

2. Choose a V$ view
3. Find base X$ Tables for v$ view
4. Map X$ fields to V$ fields
5. Get address of X$ table in SGA
6. Get the size of each record in X$ table
7. Get the number of records in X$ table
8. Get offsets for each desired field in X$ table
9. Get the base address of SGA
1) V$SESSION_WAIT Example
 List of all users waiting
 Detailed information on the waits
 Data is ephemeral
 Useful in Bottleneck diagnostics
 High sampling rate candidate
 Event 10046 captures this info

Good table for SGA sampling

V$SESSION_WAIT Description
SQL> desc v$session_wait
Name Type
----------------------------------------- --------------------------
SID ,NUMBER
SEQ# ,NUMBER
EVENT ,VARCHAR2(64)
P1TEXT ,VARCHAR2(64)
P1 ,NUMBER
P1RAW ,RAW(4)
P2TEXT ,VARCHAR2(64)
P2 ,NUMBER
P2RAW ,RAW(4)
P3TEXT ,VARCHAR2(64)
P3 ,NUMBER
P3RAW ,RAW(4)
WAIT_TIME ,NUMBER
SECONDS_IN_WAIT ,NUMBER
STATE ,VARCHAR2(19)
)
V$SESSION_WAIT Short

SQL> desc v$session_wait

Name Type
---------------------------- -------------
SID NUMBER
SEQ# NUMBER
EVENT VARCHAR2(64)
P1 NUMBER
P2 NUMBER
P3 NUMBER)
V$FIXED_VIEW_DEFINITION

Gives mappings of V$ views to X$ tables

SQL> select
VIEW_DEFINITION
from
V$FIXED_VIEW_DEFINITION
where
view_name='V$SESSION_WAIT‘;
V$SESSION_WAIT View Definition
VIEW_DEFINITION
---------------------------------------------------------------------
select
s.inst_id,
s.indx,
s.ksussseq,
e.kslednam,
e.ksledp1,
s.ksussp1,
s.ksussp1r,
e.ksledp2,
s.ksussp2,
s.ksussp2r,
e.ksledp3,
s.ksussp3,
s.ksussp3r,
round(s.ksusstim / 10000),
s.ksusewtm,
decode(s.ksusstim, 0, 'WAITING', -2, 'WAITED UNKNOWN TIME',
-1, 'WAITED SHORT TIME', 'WAITED KNOWN TIME')
from
x$ksusecst s,
x$ksled e
where
bitand(s.ksspaflg,1)!=0 and
bitand(s.ksuseflg,1)!=0 and
s.ksussseq!=0 and
s.ksussopc=e.indx
View Definition Short
VIEW_DEFINITION
---------------------------------------------------------------------
select
s.indx,
s.ksussseq,
e.kslednam,
s.ksussp1,
s.ksussp2,
s.ksussp3
from
x$ksusecst s,
x$ksled e
where
s.ksussopc=e.indx
2) V$SESSION_WAIT Based on
X$KSUSECT
VIEW_DEFINITION
---------------------------------------------------
-
select
indx,
ksussseq,
ksussopc,
ksussp1,
ksussp2,
ksussp3
from
x$ksusecst
Equivalent SQL Statements
select select
indx, sid
ksussseq, seq#
ksussopc, event
ksussp1, p1
ksussp2, p2
ksussp3 p3
from from
x$ksusecst v$session_wait )
Note: x$ksusecst. Ksussopc is the event #
x$ksled.kslednam is a list of the event names where
x$ksled.indx = x$ksusecst. ksussopc
3) V$ to X$ Field Mapping
4) Get base SGA address for X$ table

Find the location of X$KSUSECST in the SGA

SQL> select addr from x$ksusecst where rownum < 2

ADDR
--------
85251EF4
5) Find the Size of Each Record
SQL> select
((to_dec(e.addr)-to_dec(s.addr))) row_size
from
(select addr from x$ksusecst where rownum < 2) s,
(select max(addr) addr from x$ksusecst where rownum < 3) e ;

ROW_SIZE
----------------
2328
 6) Find the Number of Records in the
structure
SQL> select count(*) from x$ksusecst ;
COUNT(*)
--------------
170
Get Offsets for Each Desired Field in X$ table
SQL> select c.kqfconam field_name,
c.kqfcooff offset,
c.kqfcosiz sz
from
x$kqfco c,
x$kqfta t
where
t.indx = c.kqfcotab and
t.kqftanam='X$KSUSECST'
order by
offset
;
X$KQFTA - X$ Tables Names
List of X$ tables

 INDX use to find column information

 KQFTANAM X$ table names

To get Column information join with X$KQFCO

X$KQFTA.INDX = X$KQFCO.KQFCOTAB
 X$KQFCO – X$ Table Columns
List of all the columns in X$ Tables

 KQFCOTAB Join with X$KQFTA.INDX

 KQFCONAM Column name
 KQFCOOFF Offset from beginning of the row
 KQFCOSIZ Columns size in bytes
Field Offsets
FIELD_NAME OFFSET SZ
------------------------------ ---------- ----------
ADDR 0 4
INDX 0 4
KSUSEWTM 0 4
INST_ID 0 4
KSSPAFLG 1 1
KSUSSSEQ 1276 2
KSUSSOPC 1278 2
KSUSSP1 1280 4
KSUSSP1R 1280 4
KSUSSP2 1284 4
KSUSSP2R 1284 4
KSUSSP3 1288 4
KSUSSP3R 1288 4
KSUSSTIM 1292 4
KSUSENUM 1300 2
KSUSEFLG 1308 4
What are all the fields at OFFSET 0?
These are all calculated values and not stored
explicitly in the SGA.

ADDR memory address

INDX record number, like rownum
INST_ID database instance ID
KSUSEWTM calculated field
Unexposed Fields
What happens between OFFSET 1 and 1276?

• Unexposed Fields
• Sometimes exposed elsewhere, in our case
• V$SESSION
• V$SESSTAT
Fields at Same Address
Why do some fields start at the same address?
KSUSSP1
KSUSSP1R
Are at the same address
Equivalent of
V$SESSION_WAIT.P1
V$SESSION_WAIT.P1RAW
These are the same data, just exposed as
Hex
Decimal
7) Offsets of Fields
8) Get Base SGA Address

SQL> select addr from x$ksmmem where

rownum < 2

ADDR
--------------
80000000
Results X$KSUSECST
Machine Memory

0x80000000

SGA SGA
 Fixed Area
SGA X$KSUSECST- user waits
0x80000000

0x85251EF4
 X$KSUSECST
170 Records
2328 bytes

0x85251EF4 Row 1 Row 2

Row 3 …
X$KSUSECST Record

One Record in X$KSUSECST

1276

2328 bytes
X$KSUSECST Fields

1276 1278 1280 1284 1288

Seq # Event # p1 p2 p3
Attaching to the SGA

 UNIX System Call “shmat”

To attach to shared memory Unix as a system

call

void *shmat( int shmid,

const void *shmaddr,
int shmflg );
ID and Address arguments to “shmat”
The arguments are:

 shmid – shared memory identifier specified

 shmaddr – starting address of the shared memory
 shmflg - flags

The argument shmflg can be set to SHM_RDONLY . To

avoid any possible data corruption the SGA should only
be attached read only.
The arguments shmid and shmaddr need to be set to
Oracle’s SGA id and address.
Finding Oracle SGA’s ID and
Address
Use ORADEBUG to find the SGA id

SQL> oradebug setmypid

Statement processed.
SQL> oradebug ipc

Information written to trace file.

 
Finding Trace File

SQL> show parameters user_dump

NAME VALUE
----------------------- --------------------------------
user_dump_dest /u02/app/oracle/admin/V901/udump
SQL> exit
$ cd /u02/app/oracle/admin/V901/udump
$ ls -ltr | tail -1
-rw-r----- usupport dba Aug 24 18:01 v901_ora_23179.trc
Finding SHMID in Trace File
$ vi v901_ora_23179.trc
…
Total size 004456c Minimum Subarea size 00000000
Area Subarea Shmid Stable Addr Actual Addr
0 0 34401 0080000000 0080000000
…
Attaching to the SGA

Shmid 34401
Shmaddr 0x80000000
Shmflg SHM_RDONLY

The SGA attach call in C would be:

Shmat(34401, 0x80000000, SHM_RDONLY);

This call needs to be executed as a UNIX user who has

read permission to the Oracle SGA
C Code Headers
#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/ipc.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include "event.h"

event.h is for translating the event #s into event

names
Events.h

Spool events.h
select 'char event[][100]={' from dual;
select '"'||name||'",' from v$event_name;
select ' "" };' from dual;
spool off
Define Base Addresses and Sizes
/* SGA BASE ADDRESS */
#define SGA_BASE 0x80000000

/* START ADDR of KSUSECST(V$SESSION_WAIT) */

#define KSUSECST_ADDR 0x85251EF4

/* NUMBER of ROWS/RECORDS in KSUSECST */

#define SESSIONS 150

/* SIZE in BYTES of a ROW in KSUSECST */

#define RECORD_SZ 2328
Define Offsets to Fields

#define KSUSSSEQ 1276 /* sequence # */

#define KSUSSOPC 1278 /* event # */
#define KSUSSP1R 1280 /* p1 */
#define KSUSSP2R 1284 /* p2 */
#define KSUSSP3R 1288 /* p3 */
Set Up Variables
main(argc, argv)
int argc;
char **argv;
{
void *addr;
int shmid;
int shmaddr;
void *current_addr;
long p1r, p2r, p3r;
unsigned int i, seq, tim, flg, evn;
Attach to SGA
/* ATTACH TO SGA */
shmid=atoi(argv[1]);
shmaddr=SGA_BASE;
if (
(void *)shmat(
shmid,
(void *)shmaddr,
SHM_RDONLY)
== (void *)-1 ) {
printf("shmat: error attatching to SGA\n");
exit();
}
Set Up Sampling Loop

/* LOOP OVER ALL SESSIONS until CANCEL */

while (1) {
/* set current address to beginning of Table */
current_addr=(void *)KSUSECST_ADDR;
sleep(1);
printf("^[[H ^[[J"); /* clear screen */
/* print page heading */
printf("%4s %8s %-20.20s %10s %10s %10s \n",
"sid", "seq", "wait","p1","p2","p3");
Loop over all Sessions
for ( i=0; i < SESSIONS ; i++ ) {
seq=*(unsigned short *)((int)current_addr+KSUSSSEQ);
evn=*(short *) ((int)current_addr+KSUSSOPC);
p1r=*(long *) ((int)current_addr+KSUSSP1R);
p2r=*(long *) ((int)current_addr+KSUSSP2R);
p3r=*(long *) ((int)current_addr+KSUSSP3R);
if ( evn != 0 ) {
printf("%4d %8u %-20.20s %10X %10X %10X \n",
i, seq, event[evn] ,p1r, p2r,p3r
);
}
current_addr=(void *)((int)current_addr+RECORD_SZ);
}
}
}
Output
$ sga_read_session_wait 34401
sid seq wait p1 p2
p3
0 40582 pmon timer 12C 0 0
1 40452 rdbms ipc message 12C 0 0
2 43248 rdbms ipc message 12C 0 0
3 24706 rdbms ipc message 12C 0 0
4 736 smon timer 12C 0 0
5 88 rdbms ipc message 2BF20 0 0
8 178 SQL*Net message from 6265710 1 0
Pitfalls
 Byte Swapping
 32 bit vs 64 bit
 Multiple Shared Memory Segments
 Segmented Memory
 Addresses are "unsigned int"
 Misaligned Access
Little Endian vs Big Endian
 Is low byte values first or high byte values first ?
 a byte is 8 bits
– 00000000-11111111 bits,0 – 31 dec, 0x0 - 0xFF hex
 Big Endian is "normal" , highest bit first
 In ascii, the word "byte" is stored as
– b = 62, y = 79, t = 74, e = 65
 echo 'byte' | od -x
– b y t e
– 62 79 74 65
 Little Endian, ie byte swapped (Linux, OSF,
Sequent, ? )
– y b e t
– 79 62 65 74
Byte Swap Example
Short = 2 bytes ie 16 bits
Goal, get the flag in the "second" byte

#ifdef __linux
uflg=*(short
*)((int)sga_address)>>8;
#else
uflg=*(short *)((int)sga_address);
#endif
Byte Swap
Big Endian:
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01
Little Endian
00 00 00 01 00 00 00 00
Solution, push the value over 8 places, to
the right,
ie >>8
64 bit vs 32 bit
 SQL> desc x$ksmmem
Name Type
------------------------------------- ---------
ADDR RAW(4)
INDX NUMBER
INST_ID NUMBER
KSMMMVAL RAW(4)
-> 32 bit
Raw(8) -> 64 bit
Segmented Memory
x$ksuse – can be dis-contiguous

Work around:
select 'int users[]={' from dual;
select '0x'||addr||',' from x$ksuse;
select '0x0};' from dual;
Misaligned Access
 Some platforms seg fault when
addressing misaligned bytes, need to
read in even bytes or units of 4 bytes
depending on platform

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
x$ksusecst Record: What's Missing?

One Record in X$KSUSECST

??? ???
1276

2328 bytes
Select Addr from X$? where
Rownum< 2;
6802B244 X$KSLEMAP
6802B7EC X$KSLEI
6820B758 X$KSURU
6820B758 X$KSUSE – v$session
6820B758 X$KSUSECST – v$session_wait
6820B758 X$KSUSESTA – v$sesstat
6820B758 X$KSUSIO
6826FBD0 X$KSMDD
6831EA0C X$KSRCHDL
x$ksuse Record Contains
x$ksusecst

One Record in X$Ksusecst

v$session v$sesstat v$session_wait v$session

236 1276

2328 bytes

x$ksusesta x$ksusecst

x$ksuse
Getting v$sesstat addresses
select '#define '||
upper(translate(s.name,' :-()/*''','________'))||' '||
to_char(c.kqfcooff + STATISTIC# * 4 )
from
x$kqfco c,
x$kqfta t,
v$statname s
where
t.indx = c.kqfcotab
and ( t.kqftanam='X$KSUSESTA' ) and
c.kqfconam='KSUSESTV'
and kqfcooff > 0
order by
c.kqfcooff
/
User Drilldown Query: 4 joins
select
w.sid sid,
w.seq# seq,
w.event event,
w.p1raw p1,
w.p2raw p2,
w.p3raw p3,
w.SECONDS_IN_WAIT ctime,
s.sql_hash_value sqlhash,
s.prev_hash_value psqlhash,
st.value cpu
from
v$session s,
v$sesstat st,
v$statname sn,
v$session_wait w
where
w.sid = s.sid and
st.sid = s.sid and
st.statistic# = sn.statistic# and
sn.name = 'CPU used when call started' and
w.event != 'SQL*Net message from client'
order by w.sid;
Other Fun Stuff
The next example is output from an SGA
program that follows the LRU of the
Buffer Cache

The program demonstrates the

• insertion point of LRU
• cold end of LRU
• hot end of the LRU
• Full Table Scan Insertion Point
LRU HOT
LRU COLD