Sie sind auf Seite 1von 53

-all teach what a happy and

good life is.


Pre-Christian Era (Greek Philosophers)
1.Socrates
-know THYSELF
-man must be honest with his own
self and limitations.
-honesty is a true virtue which is the
basis of selfknowledge.
A man who recognizes his
limitations and
remains in the BOUNDS of
DISCRETION
would have a LIFE of
HAPPINESS and

2. Plato
-most distinguished
pupil of Socrates.
- man is in two worlds:
sensible world and the
real world.
Mans Task:
Free himself from the
world of bondage or
senses towards a life of
true virtue which
consist of rational
apprehension of
eternal ideas such as
goodness and justice.

2. Aristotle
-man has threefold natures:
animal, vegetative, rational.
-he must realize, actualize and
cultivate these natures.
-VEGETATIVE: wholesome food
and proper exercise.
-ANIMAL: appropriate sex
activity, within the CONTEXT of
MARRIAGE.
-RATIONAL: pursuit of
scientific knowledge, truths,
religion and creative artistic

-emphasis on supernatural

values.
-man is viewed as the
most noble creature of
GOD. (has soul)
-St. Paul: A Good Man is
a Man saved by God.

St. Augustine -man is a


pilgrim on earth on a journey
from the city of devil to the city
of God.

St. Thomas
-man is capable of
knowing and
understanding not only
human virtues but also
supernatural values.
-to say that there is God,
is to say that there is a
value of hope, of
immortality, reward and
punishment, value of
rights and duties, there

-puts Christian philosophy in crisis.


-development of thoughts in individualism.
1. Existentialism
atheistic existentialism:
1a. Immanuel Kant
-reliance on man, not on God
-Autonomous morality: values
lies in the dignity and
autonomy of man. Each one
formulates his own moral
imperative by intuition.
-to act morally, man must act
absolutely free.

Immanuel Kant
Rationalism
I do it because I
perceive it as good
and worthwhile.
Reason and freedom
are not opposed but
enhances one another.

Ethics of Values
-good is dependent on mans
subjective feeling.
-it is perceived by a kind of intuition.
Each one has a set of values which
he follows.
-there are no standards of values. All
values are equal which he follows.
No one can claim superiority over
the rest, not even religion, nor God.
-each one is left to his own discretion
and indiscretion to decide which are
the moral values that are worthy to
be accepted and to be realized.

A. DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS or ETHICS OF DUTY


the theory of duty or moral obligation

What one is compelled to do by reason of duty

The most famous deontological theory was


advanced by the German philosopher
Immanuel Kant.

Kant claimed that various actions are


morally wrong
if they are inconsistent with the status of a
person
as a free and rational being,
and that, conversely, acts that further the
status of people as free and rational

One of the most important implications of


deontology is that:
a person's BEHAVIOR can be wrong
even if it results in the best possible
outcome.

And an ACT can be righteous


even if it results in a negative outcome.

deontology insists that HOW people


accomplish their goals is usually more
important than WHAT people accomplish.

In contrast to CONSEQUENTIALISM,
a philosophy famous for its claim
that
THE ENDS JUSTIFY THE MEANS.

CHARACTERISTICS:
1. UNIVERSAL

WHAT IS RIGHT OR WRONG FOR ONE PERSON IS THE


SAME FOR ANY OTHER PERSON ANYTIME,
ANYWHERE

2. RATIONAL

THE TEST FOR THE RIGHTNESS OF AN


ACTION IS REASON

3. CATEGORICAL

ABSOLUTE
UNQUALIFIED
WITHOUT CONDITION

-so influenced by Kant: any person may make or


formulate a universal moral law.
-stress on biological qualities: perfect race.

-An ideal man is a superman.


-Strength of character is seen in
aggressiveness and the will to power.
-A strong man is the one who create and
determine values: a creator of good and
evil; must first be a destroyer.
-Values to be overthrown: humility, nonresistance, discipline and pity for the
weak.
-(Darwinist Ethics: What matters life is
survival. Anything that enables you to
survive that is what is good.

Friedrich Nietzsche

God is dead.

Leaders and Followers

Slave Morality

Master Morality

Karl Marx

Marxism

Communism

Individual exist for society

Dignity lies on man himself

Religion is an opium to society

tries to eradicate abuses and


exploitation
but does it in violence.

-Communism: no individual rights, only society matters.


-Individuals exist for society.
-Mans dignity lies not on God nor religion but on himself.
-Religion is an opium to the society.
-Cunning and Tricky: proposes an sense of justice and
respect for man; Tries to eradicate abuses and
exploitation but does it in violence.

Jean Paul Sartre

Atheistic Existentialism

being-for-itself (pour soi)

being-in-itself (en soi)

facticity or factuality

abandonment and anguish

John Stuart Mill


Utilitarianism
The greatest happiness principle
Actions are right if they tend to
promote happiness; otherwise,
they are wrong.

UTILITARIANISM
the ethical doctrine which believes that the
moral worth of an action is solely determined
by its contribution to overall utility.

Utility, the good to be maximized, whatever


brings the greatest happiness to the greatest
number of people
has been defined by various thinkers as
happiness or pleasure versus suffering or

PRAGMATISM

the meaning of concepts is to be sought in their


practical bearings
the function of thought is to guide action
truth is preeminently to be tested by the practical
consequences of belief

ALTRUISM
is a code of ethics which holds the
welfare of others as the standard of
"good and self-sacrifice as the only
action.
The unstatedmoral
premise
of the doctrine of
altruism
that allone
relationships
among
men
Thisisleaves
with the choice
between
involve sacrifice
maliciously exploiting
the other person or
being "moral
and offering oneself up as the sacrificial
victim.

The unstated premise of the doctrine of


altruism
is that all relationships among men
involve sacrifice

This leaves one with the choice between


maliciously exploiting the other person or
being "moral
and offering oneself up as the sacrificial
victim.

INTRINSICISM
is the belief that VALUE
is a non-relational characteristic
of an object.

This means that an object can be


valuable or not, good or bad, without
reference to who it is good or bad for,
and without reference to the reason it

SUBJECTIVISM
The belief that values are
subjective.

This means that values are whatever


we choose to pursue and whatever we
desire.
It also means there is no such thing as
good or evil,
except what you think is good or evil.
If you believe something is evil,

COLLECTIVISM
The concept of value requires a purpose
and a beneficiary.
It requires answers to the questions
"Value to whom?" and "Value for what?"

Collectivism says value to the


collective,
whether that is society, tribe, family,
nation, race, sex,
or any other group or category one
"belongs" to.

PACIFISM
the moral principle which advocates
that the use of force is wrong for any
reason.
This applies to both the initiation of
force, as well as defensive or
retaliatory force.

If your life is being threatened,


pacifism holds that you should not defend
yourself.
If someone has stolen from you,
pacifism holds that you should not retrieve
your property.
If someone has murdered other people,
pacifism holds that nothing should be done
about it.

HUMANISM
Expresses renewed confidence in the
power of man
to respond positively to his own
problems
and so discover new things for himself

Humanism entails a commitment to the


search for truth and morality through
human means in support of human
interests.
In focusing on the capacity for selfdetermination, humanism rejects
dependence on faith, the supernatural or
divinely revealed texts.

ANARCHISM

presses mans freedom to express himse


without repression of any kind.

dom is the highest attainment of a huma

Anarchism is centered on rejection of


any form
of compulsory government and supporting
its elimination
The term "anarchism" is derived from the
Geek word "without archons" or
"without rulers

EXISTENTIALISM
Emphasizing action, freedom, and
decision as fundamental existentialism
is opposed to rationalism and
positivism. i.e., argues against
definitions of human beings as primarily
rational.

Existentialists look at where people find


meaning.
Existentialism asserts that people
actually make decisions based on what
has meaning to them rather than what
is rational.

ghest attainment of man is to find his own unique vo


Soren Kierkegaard

Existentialism generally postulates the absence of a


transcendent force.
This means that the individual is entirely free,
and, therefore, ultimately responsible.

It is up to humans to create an ethos of personal


responsibility for themselves,
outside of any branded belief system.

EUDAIMONISM
Comes from the Greek word
eudaimonia which means
happiness

Refers to any conception of ethics that puts


human happiness and the complete life of the
individual at the center of ethical concern.

The belief that VALUE


is a non-relational characteristic of an object.

This means that an object can be valuable or not, good or


bad,
without reference to who it is good or bad for,
and without reference to the reason it is good or bad.

However, some trends diverge from


the Truth
about man as a creature and image
of God.

Some trends absolutize freedom to


the point of atheism making the
individual conscience the supreme
moral judge

This tendency leads to INDIVIDUALIST ETHIC


Where every individual is faced with his own
version of truth
different from the truth of others.

-God, man and things are not of equal rank. There is order
in reality and reality is hierarchical.
-All are with the fallacy of extremism, false emphasis,
exclusiveness or oversight.
-They all start with one particular aspect of human life,
ignoring and disregarding others.
-False view of human nature, human life and its destiny.

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen