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2. Plato
-most distinguished
pupil of Socrates.
- man is in two worlds:
sensible world and the
real world.
Mans Task:
Free himself from the
world of bondage or
senses towards a life of
true virtue which
consist of rational
apprehension of
eternal ideas such as
goodness and justice.
2. Aristotle
-man has threefold natures:
animal, vegetative, rational.
-he must realize, actualize and
cultivate these natures.
-VEGETATIVE: wholesome food
and proper exercise.
-ANIMAL: appropriate sex
activity, within the CONTEXT of
MARRIAGE.
-RATIONAL: pursuit of
scientific knowledge, truths,
religion and creative artistic
-emphasis on supernatural
values.
-man is viewed as the
most noble creature of
GOD. (has soul)
-St. Paul: A Good Man is
a Man saved by God.
St. Thomas
-man is capable of
knowing and
understanding not only
human virtues but also
supernatural values.
-to say that there is God,
is to say that there is a
value of hope, of
immortality, reward and
punishment, value of
rights and duties, there
Immanuel Kant
Rationalism
I do it because I
perceive it as good
and worthwhile.
Reason and freedom
are not opposed but
enhances one another.
Ethics of Values
-good is dependent on mans
subjective feeling.
-it is perceived by a kind of intuition.
Each one has a set of values which
he follows.
-there are no standards of values. All
values are equal which he follows.
No one can claim superiority over
the rest, not even religion, nor God.
-each one is left to his own discretion
and indiscretion to decide which are
the moral values that are worthy to
be accepted and to be realized.
In contrast to CONSEQUENTIALISM,
a philosophy famous for its claim
that
THE ENDS JUSTIFY THE MEANS.
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. UNIVERSAL
2. RATIONAL
3. CATEGORICAL
ABSOLUTE
UNQUALIFIED
WITHOUT CONDITION
Friedrich Nietzsche
God is dead.
Slave Morality
Master Morality
Karl Marx
Marxism
Communism
Atheistic Existentialism
facticity or factuality
UTILITARIANISM
the ethical doctrine which believes that the
moral worth of an action is solely determined
by its contribution to overall utility.
PRAGMATISM
ALTRUISM
is a code of ethics which holds the
welfare of others as the standard of
"good and self-sacrifice as the only
action.
The unstatedmoral
premise
of the doctrine of
altruism
that allone
relationships
among
men
Thisisleaves
with the choice
between
involve sacrifice
maliciously exploiting
the other person or
being "moral
and offering oneself up as the sacrificial
victim.
INTRINSICISM
is the belief that VALUE
is a non-relational characteristic
of an object.
SUBJECTIVISM
The belief that values are
subjective.
COLLECTIVISM
The concept of value requires a purpose
and a beneficiary.
It requires answers to the questions
"Value to whom?" and "Value for what?"
PACIFISM
the moral principle which advocates
that the use of force is wrong for any
reason.
This applies to both the initiation of
force, as well as defensive or
retaliatory force.
HUMANISM
Expresses renewed confidence in the
power of man
to respond positively to his own
problems
and so discover new things for himself
ANARCHISM
EXISTENTIALISM
Emphasizing action, freedom, and
decision as fundamental existentialism
is opposed to rationalism and
positivism. i.e., argues against
definitions of human beings as primarily
rational.
EUDAIMONISM
Comes from the Greek word
eudaimonia which means
happiness
-God, man and things are not of equal rank. There is order
in reality and reality is hierarchical.
-All are with the fallacy of extremism, false emphasis,
exclusiveness or oversight.
-They all start with one particular aspect of human life,
ignoring and disregarding others.
-False view of human nature, human life and its destiny.