Penyakit bakteri pada

unggas

1. Fowl Cholera
Nama
lain:
Avian
cholera,
Avian
pasteurellosis,
avian
haemorrhagic
septicaemia.
Penyebab: Pasteurella multocida, Gramnegative
One of the first infectious diseases to be
recognized by Louis Pasteur in 1880

Clinical sign:

Birds stop eating

Feathers ruffled
Discharge from nasal, ocular, and oral; coughing
Diarrhoea
Rapid breathing
Dead may occur in a few hours
Chronic infection
Swollen wattles, sinuses, and leg or wing joints

Swollen wattles from fowl

cholera

PA:
disease:
hyperemia
and
Acute
haemorrhage in lung, intestines and
heart.
Chronic disease: localised infections
for example in sinuses or respiratory
tract.

PA:

Haemorrhage
Enteritis
Yolk peritonitis
Focal hepatitis
Purulent pneumonia
Cellulitis on face and wattles
Purulent arthritis

Hyperemia
of
the
follicles
associated
with acute fowl cholera
infection. An egg in the
oviduct (on the right),
indicating that the
bird was in lay.

Severe localised Pasteurella infection in the swollen

wattle of a 30-week-old male broiler parent chicken.
The swelling is made up of oedema and purulent
exudates (pus)

Cheesy exudate in the

infraorbital sinus

Fowl cholera

Small areas of necrosis in the liver (corn meal liver)

Coagulative hepatocytic necrosis with

heterophilic infiltration

Treatment and prevention:

Treatment: sulphonamides, tetracycline,
erythromycin, streptomycin, penicillin
Prevention: biosecurity, good rodent
control, hygiene, live oral vaccine at 6
weeks

2. Salmonellosis
Nama lain: fowl typhoid
Penyebab: Salmonela gallinarum, Gram negative, rod
shape, aerobic.
Sering pada ayam dewasa
Salmonella from Daniel A. Salmon, American vet
surgeon, who describe salmonella choleraesuis as the
cause of hog cholera in 1885
Penularan: oral ingestion of contaminated food, water
and through the egg, ventrical transmission, penetration
of the egg shell

Gejala klinis:

Thirst, in appetance
Watery dropping
Arthritis
Ruffled feathers
Yellow diarrhoea
Reluctance to move

PA:
Bronzed enlarge liver with small
necrotic foci, congestion
Kidney dan spleen bengkak
Anemia
Enteritis usus kecil anterior

Bacterial septicaemia caused by S.gallinarum,

in young broiler chicken. The liver on the left
is normal, the one on the right is slightly
enlarged, pale and shows focal necrosis

Treatment and prevention:

Treatment: amoxycilin, sulphonamide,
tetracycline, fluoroquinolones
Prevention: biosecurity, clean chicks;
vaccine

depresi

Inflamasi, kongesti, kataral exudatif trachea

Tracheitis exudatif

Very mild tracheitis

Mild airsacculitis after vaccin

Mild airsacculitis, with foamy exudat

airsacc + casseous exudat +

congestion of vascular

airsacculitis

Fibrinous pericard

Fibrinous accumulation

Fibrinous pneumonia
Fibrinous pericard and pneumonia

Salmonella pulorum

Penyebab: salmonella pullorum

sering pada anak ayam
The most common ways to spread is through
contact with infected birds, and the
transmission from hens to chicks through the
egg.
Contaminated feed, water and litter,
contaminated clothing, footwear, vehicles
and equipment

Clinical signs:
Anorexia
Depression
Diarrhea
Dying or death (highest mortality
rate in the first 2 weeks of life and
in incubators)
Laboured breathing

Udema tibiotarsal joints

Post-mortem signs of pullorum disease in newly hatched chicks are

those of peritonitis with generalised congestion of tissues and an

inflamed unabsorbed yolk sac.

Longer standing infections commonly lead to typhlitis with development of

necrotic caecal casts and small necrotic foci in the liver, lungs and
other viscera.

Small lesions in the liver and spleen of Pullorum-infected birds may show
a white spot appearance that is not seen with Gallinarum; however, this
lesion is not pathognomic.

These Salmonella are very poor at colonisation and survival in the

gastrointestinal tract is often indicative of later stages of clinical disease.

Adult birds may develop misshapen or shrunken ovaries with follicles

attached by pedunculated fibrous stalks.

Variant strains of S. Pullorum do not normally cause clinical disease or may

result in mild, nonspecific signs but may lead to seroconversion.

Typical for this form are the

greyish-whitish nodes in one
or some of the following
places: heart, lungs, liver,
gizzard wall and intestines
and the peritoneum

Paratifoid unggas
Penyebab: Salmonella typhimurium, S.
enteritidis, S. kentucky, S.
heidelberg, S. hadar, S. saintpaul.

Clinical findings
Depression, poor growth, weakness,
diarrhea, dehydration are hallmark of the
disease.
Ruffled feathers
Closed eyes
Diarrhoea
Vent pasting
Lost appetite and thirst

Post mortem lesions

Enlarged liver with focal necrosis
Unabsorbed yolk sac
Enteritis with necrotic lesion in the
mucosa
Cecal cores
Occasionally: localize in the eye or
synovial tissues.
pericarditis

Camphylobacteriosis
(avian vibrionic hepatitis)
Penyebab genus bakteri Campylobacter
(C. jejuni)
Multiply in large number in the hindgut
principally in the caeca.
Campylobacters are a significant cause
of enteritis in man. Infected poultry are
a potential reservoir of this zoonosis.

Clinical sign:
Depression
Diarrhea (mucus and blood)
Fecal saturation
Watery dropping

 Gross lesions:
Focal to diffuse hepatic necrosis and
subcapsular hemorrhage

 Microscopic:
Lymphocytic and granulocytic foci and
bile duct proliferation
Congestion and mononuclear cell
infiltration of the lamina propria
Destruction of mucosa cells in the
entire intestinal tract

 Edema of the mucosa was noted in

the ileum and ceca, with accumulation
of mucus erythrocytes, mononuclear
cells, and few polymorphonuclear
cells in the lumen.
Hyperplasia and villous atropy were
evident in the distall jejunum.
Electron microscopy revealed the
presence of campylobacters within
and between cells of the epithelium
and lamina propria

Erysipelas
Penyebab: Erysipelothrix insidiosa/ E.
rhusiopathiae (infects a wide range
of both avian and mammalian host).
Sering pada turkeys, chickens, rarely
in geese, ducks, pheasants.
Transmitted by faecal, in soil, water

 Bersifat resisten terhadap efek

lingkungan atau desinfektan
Dapat bertahan pada tanah beralkalin
selama bertahun-tahun.
Resiko tertular akan meningkat
apabila kandang/tanah pernah
digunakan oleh pigs or sheep.

Clinical signs:
Inappetance
Depression
Sleepiness
Swollen snood
May be diarrhoea and respiratory signs
Perineal congestion
Chronic scabby skin, especially snood
Sudden death

1. caruncles, 2. snood, 3. wattle (dewlap), 4.

major caruncle, 5. beard

 Post mortem lessions:

Carcase congestion
Liver, kidney, spleen swollen
Haemorrhages in fat, muscle, epicardium
Marked catarrhal enteritis
Joint lesions
Endocarditis
Catarrhal exudate in the GI tract

Enlarged and mottled spleen (marbled spleen) in 15

wks old turkey

Endocarditis: inflammatory process around valves

 Diagnosis
Isolation on blood agar, and
identification, the demonstration of
the organism in stained impression
smears from tissues

Differential diagnosa:
Pasteurellosis
Salmonellosis
Colibacillosis
Acute ND

 Treatment
Penicillin- a combination of the procaine
and benzathine salts may be injected,
often along with bacterin.
Tetracyclines in feed may also be helpful.
Prevention: good biosecurity to prevent
spread from other susceptible species,
vaccine at 16-20 weeks if the condition is
enzootic

Listeriosis
Penyebab: Listeria monocytogenes
Generally, young birds are more
susceptible to infection and more likely to
develop clinical disease than older birds.
In chickens, the disease occurs
sporadically as either septicemia or
encephalitis.

Clinical findings
In septicemic form: not specific:
depression, lethargy, and sudden
death.
In encephalitic form: lateral
recumbency, ataxia, torticolis, leg
paddling, opsisthonos, paresis, and
paralysis

Head tilt

lesions
Septicemic form: extensive degeneration
and necrosis of the myocardium.
Splenomegaly
Necrotic foci in the liver
Pericarditis
Ascites and petechial hemorrhages in the
mycordium, liver, kidney, and spleen.

 Encephalitic form: disseminated

microabscesses, extensive fibrinous
thrombosis, foci of hemorrhages, necrosis
(malacia) of the parenchyma, perivascular
cuffs of lymphocytes and macrophages,
and gliosis.
Lessions are found in the medulla
oblongata

Clostridial diseases (botulism,

perfringen, colinum)
Penyebab: Clostridium perfringen, C.
colinum, C. botulinum.
The two most well-known forms of C.
perfringens associated disease in poultry
are necrotic enteritis and
cholangiohepatitis.
Tidak menyebar dari satu hewan ke hewan
lainnya.

 Clostridial diseases can be divided into two

categories: 1) those in which the organisms
actively invade or when locally dormant spores are
activated and reproduce in the tissues of the
host, with the production of toxins that enhance
the spread of infection (the gas-gangrene group;
the clostridial cellulitides group); and 2) those
characterized by toxemia resulting from the
absorption of toxins produced by organisms within
the digestive system (the enterotoxemias), in
devitalized tissue (tetanus), or in food or carrion
outside the body (botulism)

Clinical sign
The clinical signs appear suddenly;
apparently healthy birds may become
acutely depressed and die within
hours.
Ruffled feathers, inappetence,
tendency to huddle, watery
droppings, and diarrhoea

Autopsy:
Dehydrotion is the most common finding
Breast muscles are dark red
Gizzard are full
Severe inflammation in the duodenum and
jejunum is the most predominant finding
Dark offensive fluid in the intestine

 The mucosa is covered with green or

brown diphteroid membrane, which
can be easily separated from the
lining.
As the condition progresses, area of
necrosis can be recognized from
outside the intestine.

Necrotic enteritis is an acute clostridium infection

characterized by severe necrose of intestinal mucosa. The
disease begins suddenly, with a sharp increase in death rate.
A strong dehydration is observed. The skin is sticked on or
adhered to body musculature and is hardly removed

In acute cases, marked congestion of liver, responsible

for its dark red to black appearance is present

1. Distended with gas, 2. the intestinal

lumen is filled with brownish watery
content, mixed with gas bubbles

Necrotic mucosa acquires a greyish-creamy or

greenish appearance. Sometimes the mucosa
has a flannelette blanket-like appreance