CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS

& CONSTRUCTION
LECTURE 8

MORTARS & CONCRETE

CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT

CEMENTIOUS MATERIAL &

AGGREGATES
MORTARS
1. Defined as : Cement (optional: additives) + Sand+ Water
2. Grout: Mortar + Fine gravel
3. Application :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Bedding masonry bricks/blocks.

Plastering.
Rendering : textures for exterior.
As binding material : Mortar + coarse aggregate =
Concrete
Cement slurry for filling crevices.

CEMENTIOUS MATERIAL &

AGGREGATES
MORTARS
Properties
Workability.
Water Retention.
The ratio of flow after suction (Vacuum pressure) to the flow before suction is used

as an index of workability of mortars.

Strength
Cement content
Cement : Sand ratio
Amount of water
Conditions and Application

Volume Change
Shrinkage during hardening, drying, wetting and temperature changes.

Coefficient of Thermal Expansion

Masonry Cement Mortars 0.38 x 10 -5 to 0.60 x 10-5
Lime Mortars 0.41 x 10-5 to 0.53 x 10-5
Cement Mortars 0.342x 10-5 to 0.61 x 10-5

CEMENTIOUS MATERIAL &

AGGREGATES
MORTARS
TYPES OF MORTARS

ALUMINIOUS CEMENT MORTAR

NATURAL CEMENT MORTAR

PORTLAND CEMENT MORTAR

LIME MORTAR

MASONRY CEMENTS MORTAR

HIGH-BOND MORTAR

FLY ASH MORTAR

-STYRENE BUTADIENE & PLOYVINYLEDINE CHLORIDE

CEMENTIOUS MATERIAL &

AGGREGATES
CONCRETE
Binder + Fine Aggregate + Coarse Aggregate + Water +
Admixture/Additives (Optional)

CEMENTIOUS MATERIAL &

AGGREGATES
CONCRETE
Mixture proportioning in terms of ratio between :
Cement: Fine aggregate : Coarse aggregate & water-to-cement ratios.
TYPES OF CONCRETE
Concrete generally has three types depending upon the method of its manufacturing.
IN-SITU
Prepared on site, with batching done at :
Site
Central plant

PRE-CAST

Concrete which is prepared and allowed to set in proper shape and size at a place
other than the site and transported to the site for placement is called pre-cast
concrete.
PRE-STRESSED

Concrete which is subjected to tensile forces in advance of its proper setting and
placement to produce extra strength in the section is called pre-stressed concrete.

CEMENTIOUS MATERIAL &

AGGREGATES
CONCRETE
TYPES OF CONCRETE

Concrete generally has following types depending upon the ingredients

of its manufacturing.
Plain concrete
Normal Weight Concrete
Light Weight Concrete
Heavy Weight Concrete
Asphaltic Concrete
Reinforced Concrete
Fibre Reinforced Concrete
Other types

CEMENTIOUS MATERIAL &

AGGREGATES
CONCRETE MANUFACTURING
PROPORTIONING
The process of measuring apposite weights for the preparation of a concrete of
specified compressive strength is called batching. Concrete is batched either
by volume or by weight (preferable). Principles for proportioning concrete to
achieve a prescribed compressive strength after a given age under standard
curing are:
The strength of a hardened concrete mix depends on the water-cement

materials ratio (ratio of total mixing water to cement, by weight). The water
and cement materials form a paste/crystalline structure. If the paste is made
with more water, it becomes weaker.
The ideal minimum amount of paste is that which will coat all aggregate

particles and fill all voids.

For practical purposes, fresh concrete must possess workability sufficient for

the placement conditions. For a given strength and with given materials, the
cost of the mix increases as the workability increases. Additional workability is
provided by more fine aggregate and more water, but more cement materials
must also be added to keep the same water-cement materials ratio.

CEMENTIOUS MATERIAL &

AGGREGATES
CONCRETE
PROPERTIES
FRESH CONCRETE
WORKABILITY
AIR-CONTENT
CEMENT CONTENT
SEGGREGATION

CEMENTIOUS MATERIAL &

AGGREGATES
CONCRETE
PROPERTIES
HARDENED CONCRETE
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
UNIT WEIGHT
TENSILE STRENGTH
MODULUS OF RUPTURE

CEMENTIOUS MATERIAL &

AGGREGATES
CONCRETE
WATER
FREE FROM SALTS
PH VALUE
FREE FROM ORGANIC IMPURITIES
SALINE WATER
POTABLE WATER

CEMENTIOUS MATERIAL &

AGGREGATES
CONCRETE
ADMIXTURES
Accelerate or retard the initial setting
Increase the strength
Improve workability, penetration and pumpability
Reduce heat of evolution
Increase durability
Control expansion caused by reaction
Decrease capillary flow of water to make it impermeable
Reduce segregation in grouts
Inhibit corrosion, increase resistance to chemical attack
Produce concrete which is colored, cellular, fungicidal,

germicidal, and insecticidal

CEMENTIOUS MATERIAL &

AGGREGATES
CONCRETE
FORMWORK
The temporary works which are used to support the
plastic concrete or any other material in desired sections un till
it sets is called formwork.
PURPOSE
STRUCTURAL ADEQUACY
SAFETY

MATERIALS USED AS FORMWORK

WOOD PLANKS & PANELS
STEEL PANELS
PLASTIC PANELS

CEMENTIOUS MATERIAL &

AGGREGATES
CONCRETE
FORMWORK
LOADINGS ON FORMWORK
PRESSURE DUE TO FRESH CONCRETE ON VERTICAL FORMWORK

p = 150 + 9000(R/T)
Where,
p = lateral pressure, psf
R= Rate of filling, ft/h
T= Temperature of concrete, 0F
DESIGN VERTICAL LOADS FOR HORIZONTAL FORMS
DEAD LOAD due to weight of concrete or any other allied material
LIVE LOAD due to labour, power buggies and other temporary loads, normally 50 psf is

added
IMPACT LOAD due to any impact on forwork, normally 25 psf is added.
LATERAL LOADS FOR SHORING
Lateral loads may cause progressive failure
Horizontal Formwork should be braced to resist at least

100 lb/lin ft of horizontal force

2% of total dead loads on the floor
Vertical formwork should be braced to resist local building-code wind pressure + 100 lb/lin ft
at the top in each direction.

CEMENTIOUS MATERIAL &

AGGREGATES
CONCRETE
PLACING PRACTICES
The principles governing proper placement of concrete are:
Segregation must be avoided during all the operations between the

mixer and the point of placement , including final consolidation and

finishing.
The concrete must be thoroughly consolidated, worked solidly around all

embedded items, and should fill all angels and corners of the form.
Where fresh concrete is placed against or on hardened concrete, a good

bond must be developed.

Unconfined concrete must not be placed underwater.
The temperature of fresh concrete must be controlled from time of

mixing to the final placement , and protected after placement.

CEMENTIOUS MATERIAL &

AGGREGATES
CONCRETE
TRANSPORTATION PRACTICES
The transportation of concrete is generally practiced through the
following methods;
Wheel-barrows
Chutes
Hand or power operated buggies
Drop-bottom buckets with cranes
Flexible and rigid pipes
Side-dump cars
Belt conveyors
Paving mixer
Dump truck
Mixer truck