Petrologi

Magma Primer

M
5T

Dosen :
ustoto.MoehadiMustoto Moehadi
Reza Syahputra
Albert Septario Tempessy
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
Kampus UI Depok, 16424.
September 2016

OUTLINE PETROLOGI
Sebelum UTS
Pendahuluan
Peranan batuan dalam
pemetaan geologi
Genesa
& kristalisasi
magma
Batuan
beku
&
piroklastik (struktur &
komposisi, klasifikasi, &
deskripsi)
Mineral
pembentuk
batuan
Proses sedimentasi
PETROLOGI

Tekstur & struktur B.

Setelah UTS
Komposisi mineral B.
sedimen
Klasifikasi & deskripsi B.
sedimen
Proses metamorf
Tekstur, struktur,
mineral, dan klasifikasi
B. metamorf
Fasies dan deskripsi B.
Metamorf

2
2016

PETROLOGI

3
2016

Tugas
1.
2.

3.

Jelaskan klasifikasi magma primer?

Jelaskan mineral-mineral apa saja yang
termasuk ke dalam rock forming
mineral
Faktor apa saja yang mengontrol erupsi
gunungapi?

PETROLOGI

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2016

Deret Bowen

Discontinuous
Series

PETROLOGI

Continuous
Series

5
2016

Basaltic Magma
How melting of the mantle can produce basalts
of varying compositions?
1. The alkalic and tholeiitic basalts come from
two different sources with different
compositions.
. alkaline magmas display a wide range of
compositions hyper-potassic to highly
sodic.
2. Both alkali basalts and tholeiites come from
the same kind of source but they represent
melting at different
pressures or
Ronald and Carol Frost, Essentials of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
different degrees of partial melting.
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2016

Basaltic Magma
increasing
pressure moves
the eutectic
away from silica
toward olivine,
meaning melts
generated at
high pressure will
likely have less
silica than those
produced at
lower pressure.

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2016

Basaltic Magma
FeO + Fe2O3

Na2O + K2O
PETROLOGI

Ternary Diagram

MgO
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2016

Alkali Basalt Magma

Alkali basalts are richer in alkalis (Na2O and

K2O) and poorer in CaO than are tholeiites.
Alkali basalts have slightly lower silica
contents than tholeiites (4648 percent
compared to 4852 percent).
During differentiation, alkali basalts evolve to
form nepheline-bearing rocks, such as
phonolites or their plutonic equivalents,
nepheline syenites.
Alkaline basalts generated at ocean islands
and also at subduction
zones.
Ronald and Carol Frost, Essentials of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology

PETROLOGI

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2016

Tholeiites Basalt Magma

Tholeiites typically contain olivine only as a

phenocryst. Groundmass phases include
pyroxenes and plagioclase.
The augite in tholeiites is typically colorless,
indicating that it is poor in ferric iron and
titanium.
Tholeiites evolve toward silica saturation,
forming residual magma with trachyitic or
rhyolitic composition.
Alkali basalts contain olivine as both
phenocrysts and groundmass. There may be a
and Carol Frost, Essentials of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
late-stage alkali Ronald
feldspar,
often anorthoclase,
10
in the groundmass.

PETROLOGI

2016

Source of mantle material

Ophiolites
Slabs of oceanic crust and upper mantle
Thrust at subduction zones onto edge of
continent
Dredge samples from oceanic fracture zones
Nodules and xenoliths in some basalts
Kimberlite xenoliths
Diamond-bearing pipes blasted up from the
mantle carrying numerous xenoliths from
depth

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2016

Liquids and residuum of

melted pyrolite

Figure 10-9 After Green and Ringwood (1967). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2, 151-160.

Lherzolite is probably fertile unaltered mantle

Dunite and harzburgite are refractory residuum after basalt has
been extracted by partial melting
Tholeiitic basalt

Wt.% Al2O3

15

Figure 10-1 Brown and Mussett,

A. E. (1993), The Inaccessible
Earth: An Integrated View of Its
Structure and Composition.
Chapman & Hall/Kluwer.

10

t ia
r
Pa

tin
el
lM

Lherzolite

Harzburgite
Dunite

0
0.0

0.2

Residuum
0.4

Wt.% TiO2

0.6

0.8

Lherzolite: A type of
peridotite with Olivine
> Opx + Cpx
Olivine

Dunite

Ha
rzb
urg
i

Peridotites

lite
hr
We

te

90

Lherzolite

40

Pyroxenites

Olivine Websterite

Orthopyroxenite

10

10

Orthopyroxene

Websterite
Clinopyroxenite

Figure 2-2 C After IUGS

Clinopyroxene

1.

Low P
Ol then Plag then
Cpx as cool
~70oC T range

2.

High P

Cpx then Plag then

Ol

25 km get all at once.

Multiple saturation.
Figure 10-12 Anhydrous P-T phase relationships
for a mid-ocean ridge basalt suspected of being a
primary magma. After Fujii and Kushiro (1977).
Carnegie Inst. Wash. Yearb., 76, 461-465.

Primary magma

A chemically homogeneous mantle can yield

a variety of basalt types
Alkaline basalts are favored over tholeiites by
deeper melting and by low % partial melting
Fractionation at moderate to high depths can
also create alkaline basalts from tholeiites
At low P there is a thermal divide that
separates the two series

PETROLOGI

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2016

Erupsi Gunungapi

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424

17

Pyroclastics

Pyroclastic fall pyroclastic material that falls

directly out of the sky.
Two end members of a spectrum of pyroclastic
fall deposits:
Strombolian eruption the eruption column is
low (13 km) and the fragments accumulate
around the vent, forming the cone. Named
after Stromboli, a volcano north of Sicily that
has had frequent, rather quiet eruptions since
historical times.
Plinian eruption column is high (2050 km);
pumice and ash are spread as a thin sheet
covering areas up to 106 km. named after

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Pyroclastics

Plinian and strombolian deposits are generally

coarse-grained and are produced by explosive
exsolution of volatiles that blows apart the
magma.
If a vent is situated where water has ready
access, the mechanism of explosion changes
fundamentally.
Magma is torn apart by exsolving gases and
mixes with water. Rapid vaporization triggers
a thermal explosion and further
fragmentation Phreatomagmatics expl.

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Klasifikasi Batuan Beku

Nama Batuan
Intrusi
(Plutonik)

Ekstrusi (Vulkanik)

Sifat

Kandungan
Silika (%)

Kandungan
Mineral Mafic
(%)

Indeks Warna

Asam

> 65

0-25

Leucocratic

Menengah

65-52

25-55

Mesocratic

Granit
Adamelit
Granodiorit

Ryolit
Ryodasit
Dasit

Syienit
Diorit
Monzonit

Trachyt
Andesit
Trachyt andesit

Gabro

Basalt

Basa

52-45

55-85

Peridotit

Dunit

Ultrabasa

< 45

85-100

PETROLOGI

Melanocratic

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2016

Tugas

Deskripsi Batuan Beku

dan Batuan Piroklastik.
Warna. Tekstur. Aplikasi
struktur. Aplikasi
komposisi mineral.
Persentase mineral ?
Klasifikasi batuan beku
dan batuan piroklastik
Summary of Chapter 1

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2016

Terima Kasih
PETROLOGI
FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

PETROLOGI

UNIVERSITAS
INDONESIA

22
2016

Fractional Crystallization

fractional crystallization there is no

exchange of ions between crystals and liquid
The diffusion rate in the solid phase might be
far too low for an effective exchange of ions
the crystals might accumulate on the bottom
of a magma chamber
It should be noted that the fractional
crystallization in both cases might occur at
thermodynamic equilibrium conditions.

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2016