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AC Voltage Control
Complexity increases
High cost
Occupies more space
Not flexible in control
Not compatible with user
Not commercial
Requires more floor area
CLASSIFICATION OF PWM
Pulse Width
Modulation
Single Pulse
Width
Modulation
Multiple
Pulse Width
Modulation
Sinusoidal
Pulse Width
Modulation
Gate Pulse
Gate Pulse
10
2
Vo
2
1
2
2
V
d
(
t
s
Vo Vs
0 180
0 Vo Vs
ECE 442 Power Electronics
13
4Vs
n
vo (t )
sin
sin nt
2
n 1,3,5,... n
14
Triangular wave
Comparator
Square wave
Trigger pulse
generator
Trigger
pulses to
scr
16
Contd..
Advantages
Lower order harmonics are eliminated.
The magnitude of higher harmonics would go up.
This has more applications than single-pulse width
modulation in olden days
Sinusoidal-Pulse-Width-Modulation
In multiple-pulse modulation, all pulses are the
same width
Vary the pulse width according to the
amplitude of a sine wave evaluated at the
center of the same pulse
Sinusoidal-Pulse-Width-Modulation
- Peak of the carrier
wave coinciding with
the zero of the sine
wave
Number of Pulses
generated = fc/2f
Sinusoidal-Pulse-Width-Modulation
- Zero of the carrier
wave coinciding with
the zero of the sine
wave
Number of Pulses
generated = fc/2f 1
Modulation index =
Vr/Vc
Disadvantages of PWM
Lesser utilization of DC supply voltage.
Higher harmonics
Lower modulation index
Less flexibility
Difficult in manipulation
Unique solution to above all problems is
SPACE VECTOR PULSE WIDTH MODULATION technique.
S1 - S6 are the six power transistors that shape the output voltage
When an upper switch is turned on (i.e., a, b or c is 1), the
corresponding lower switch is turned off (i.e., a', b' or c' is 0)
Eight possible combinations of on and off patterns for the three
upper transistors (S1, S3, S5)
Vab
1 1 0
V
0
1
1
bc
dc
Vca
1 0 1
a
t
b
,
where
switching
variable
vector
[a
b
c]
c
Van
2 1 1
1
1
2
1
dc
bn
3
Vcn
1 1 2
a
b
c
The eight combinations, phase voltages and output line to line voltages
Harmonic Control
Harmonic Reduction by PWM
Technique
Harmonic Reduction by Transformer
connection
Harmonic Reduction by Stepped
wave inverters
Contd
Derivation
Phasor Diagram