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Public policy is simply what government does or does not do about a problem that
comes before them for consideration and possible action.
Policy might take the form of law, or regulation, or the set of all the laws and
regulations that govern a particular issue or problem.
Policy is ultimately made by governments, even if the ideas come from outside
government or through the interaction of government and the public.
Policymaking is part of an ongoing process that does not always have a clear
beginning or end, since decisions about who will benefit from policies and who
will bear any burden resulting from the policy are continually reassessed, revisited
and revised.
Continued.
There are almost as many models of the policy process as there are
public policy theorists, all deriving to some extent from
Lasswell(1971).
There are problems in using any model, not the least of which would
be the temptation to simply follow a menu, rather than to really
analyse what is happening.
Select among
Alternative Policies
Establish Evaluation
Criteria
Identify Alternative
Policies
Evaluate Alternative
Policies
Step -1
(Verify, define and detail the problem)
Before starting to look at any policy problem, the first step is, of course, to
specify what the problem actually is. This is not is not necessarily a
straightforward point as public policies are often interrelated. It is often hard
to define the problem in the public sector, where policy objectives may not
be clear or aim to do several things at once. Public agencies often have
several missions at once and need to respond to differing interest groups.
At this point of the policy process, the analyst should be able to set out the
policy problem in a way that separates this particular problem into something
discrete which can be tackled.
After this first step, analyst should know whether a problem exists
which can be solved by the client, should be able to provide detailed
statement of the problem and be able to estimate the time and
resources the analysis would require (Patton and Sawicki, 1986, p.29)
Step-2
Establish evaluation criteria
The criteria may derive from the statement of the problem, or from
whom the analysis is being carried out for. Adding this stage in the
policy process may reduce some of the criticisms of the rational
policy analysis model.
Step-3
Identify alternative policies
Once the goals are known and evaluation criteria specified, it should
be possible to develop a set of alternative ways of getting to known
goals. These may, perhaps even should, vary enormously, although
there is no one way of find the alternatives.
For the beginner analyst trying to solve a problem this may not be
particularly helpful, and underlines, perhaps, one limitation of any
model in a real political world in which art may be more helpful than
science.
Step-4
Evaluate alternative policies
This step is regarded as the most important. The idea is that once alternative
policies are identified, each can be rigorously evaluated, by deciding the
particular points in favour or against each of the alternative proposals. Patton and
Sawicki do warn against being too rigid in how this evaluation is carried out.
Step-5
Select among alternative policies
Step-6
Monitor Policy outcomes
The nature of public policy will probably be that the original problem
evolves into others, so that rather than any one discrete analysis
there will be many iterations.
Limitations
The use of the Patton and Sawicki (or any similar) model can bring
benefits in analysing a matter of public policy. Perhaps there could have
been more attention paid to implementation and to policy termination.
It is even possible that the results of the analysis may be better than
without any such model.
Cont
Policy models do not deal very effectively with policy change or with
the prediction of future action.
Limitations
(Quantitative methods)
There has also been no attempt to delineate the areas in which policy
analysis can work very well, such as road traffic studies, from one in
which the political and societal problems are far more contentious,
such as welfare. There are only some areas of the government in
which numbers are available for work at the highest level of
abstraction.
Limitations
(Over emphasis on decisions)
Limitations
(Not used, or used less)
There is little evidence that formal methods are actually followed. Or, if they
were followed at one time, they are not followed as much. The fact is that
many studies of public policy determination are quite general and abstract
and distant from the operating reality of government (Lynn, 1987, p.13).
There are no correct answers in practice and trying to find a single answer is
akin to embracing the old one best way thinking of public administration.
Thank You
Questions????