TISSUES

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Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

TISSUE Online Class

This is your online class on Tissues. The class consists of this screencast with my
explanation, and a copy of this PowerPoint presentation in your Weekly Learning area
of BB.
In addition, study questions are included in this presentation to help you with retention,
and to help you prepare for Lab 3.
An Online Quiz worth 5% of Lab 3 will be added to BB. You must complete that prior
to coming to Lab 3. Failure to do so will make student ineligible to participate in Lab 3
which will result in a mark of zero.
Remember that this Online Class is also your preparation for lab. Review all images
(photomicrographs) carefully and commit them to memory. You will have to recognize
them through the microscope during lab.
If you are unprepared you could fail lab.

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Histology: The Study of Tissues

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Tissues and Histology

Tissue classification based on structure of cells,
composition of noncellular extracellular matrix,
and cell function

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

Histology: Microscopic Study of Tissues

Biopsy: removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes
Autopsy: examination of organs of a dead body to
determine cause of death
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Epithelial Tissue
Consists almost entirely of
cells
Covers body surfaces and
forms glands
Outside surface of the body
Lining of digestive, respiratory
and urogenital systems
Heart and blood vessels
Linings of many body cavities

Specialized cell contacts

Avascular
Regenerate

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Functions of Epithelial Tissue

Protecting underlying structures; e.g., epithelium
lining the mouth
Acting as barriers; e.g., skin
Permitting the passage of substances; e.g., nephrons
in kidney
Secreting substances; e.g., pancreas
Absorbing substances; e.g., lining of small intestine

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Classification of Epithelium
Number of layers of cells
Simple- one layer of cells. Each extends from basement
membrane to the free surface
Stratified- more than one layer. Shape of cells of the apical
layer used to name the tissue. Includes transitional epithelium
where the apical cell layers change shape depending upon
distention of the organ which the tissue lines
Pseudostratified- tissue appears to be stratified, but all cells
contact basement membrane so it is in fact simple
Shape of cells
Squamous- flat, scale-like
Cuboidal- about equal in height and width
Columnar- taller than wide
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Functional Characteristics
Simple: allows diffusion of gases, filtration of
blood, secretion, absorption
Stratified: protection, particularly against abrasion
Squamous: allows diffusion or acts as filter
Cuboidal and columnar: secretion or absorption.
May include goblet cells that produce and secrete
mucus.
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Free Surfaces
Free surfaces of epithelium
Smooth: reduce friction
Microvilli: increase surface area for absorption or
secretion
Stereocilia*: elongated microvilli for sensation and
absorption

Cilia: move materials across the surface

Folds: in transitional epithelium where organ must be
able to change shape. Urinary system.
*Stereocilia (or stereovilli) are apical modifications of the cell, which closely related to the microvilli. It is a long projection of cell membrane,
similar in structure to microvillus. They are characterized by their length and their lack of motility. They are found in three regions of the
body:
The ductus deferens, the epididymis, the inner ear.

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Simple Squamous Epithelium

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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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Simple Columnar Epithelium

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Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

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Stratified Columnar Epithelium

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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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Transitional Epithelium

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Cell Connections
Found on lateral and basal
surfaces of cells
Functions
Form permeability layer
Bind cells together
Provide mechanism for
intercellular communication

Types
Desmosomes
Tight junctions
Gap junctions

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Glands
Two types of glands formed by in folding of
epithelium:
Endocrine: no open contact with exterior; no ducts;
produce hormones
Exocrine: open contact maintained with exterior; ducts

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Connective Tissue
Abundant; found in every organ
Consists of cells separated by extracellular matrix
Many diverse types
Performs variety of important functions
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Functions of Connective Tissue

Enclose organs as a capsule and separate organs into layers
Connect tissues to one another. E.g.: Tendons and ligaments.
Support and movement. E.g.: Bones.
Storage. E.g.: Fat.
Cushion and insulate. E.g.: Fat.
Transport. E.g.: Blood.
Protect. E.g.: Cells of the immune system.
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Cells of Connective Tissue

Specialized cells produce the extracellular matrix
Descriptive word stems
Blasts: create the matrix, example osteoblast
Cytes: maintain the matrix, example chondrocyte
Clasts: break the matrix down for remodeling,
example osteoclasts

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Cells of Connective Tissue

Adipose or fat cells (adipocytes). Common in some tissues (dermis of skin);

rare in some (cartilage).

Mast cells. Common beneath membranes; along small blood vessels. Can
release heparin, histamine, and proteolytic enzymes in response to injury.

White blood cells (leukocytes). Respond to injury or infection.

Macrophages. Phagocytize or provide protection

Fixed: stay in position in connective tissue
Wandering: move by amoeboid movement through the connective tissue

Platelets. Fragments of hematopoietic cells involved in clotting.

Undifferentiated mesenchyme (stem cells). Have potential to differentiate into

adult cell types.
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Extracellular Matrix
Protein fibers of the matrix
Collagen. Most common protein in body; strong,
flexible, inelastic
Reticular. Fill spaces between tissues and organs. Fine
collagenous, form branching networks
Elastic. Returns to its original shape after distension or
compression. Contains molecules of protein elastin that
resemble coiled springs; molecules are cross-linked

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Other Matrix Molecules

Most common molecules are called the ground substance
and include:
Hyaluronic acid: polysaccharide. Good lubricant. Vitreous
humor of eye.
Proteoglycans: protein and polysaccharide. Protein part
attaches to hyaluronic acid. Trap large amounts of water.
Adhesive molecules: hold proteoglycan aggregates together.
Chondronectin in cartilage, osteonectin in bone, fibronectin
in fibrous connective tissue.
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Adult Connective Tissues

Connective Tissue Proper
Loose (areolar). Collagenous fibers are loosely arranged
Dense. Fibers form thick bundles that nearly fill all
extracellular space
Supporting CT
Cartilage
Bone
Fluid CT
Blood
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Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue

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Connective Tissue with Special Properties:

Adipose

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Connective Tissue with Special Properties:

Reticular Tissue

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Dense Regular Collagenous Connective Tissue

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Dense Regular Elastic Connective Tissue

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Dense Irregular Collagenous Connective Tissue

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Dense Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue

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Supporting Connective Tissue: Cartilage

Composed of chondrocytes located in matrix-surrounded spaces
called lacunae.
Type of cartilage determined by components of the matrix.
Firm consistency.
Ground substance: Proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid complexed
together trap large amounts of water. Tissue can spring back after
being compressed.
Avascular and no nerve supply. Heals slowly.
Types of cartilage
Hyaline
Fibrocartilage
Elastic

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Hyaline Cartilage

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Fibrocartilage

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Elastic Cartilage

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Supporting Connective Tissue: Bone

Hard connective tissue composed of living cells
(osteocytes) and mineralized matrix.
Matrix: gives strength and rigidity; allows bone to
support and protect other tissues and organs.
Organic: collagen fibers
Inorganic: hydroxyapatite (Calcium, phosphate)

Osteocytes located in lacunae

Types
Spongy bone (cancellous bone)
Compact bone

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Bone

Spongy bone: trabeculae of bone with spaces between. Looks like a sponge.
Found inside bones.
Compact bone: arranged in concentric circle layers around a central canal that
contains a blood vessel. Found on periphery of bones.

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Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood

Matrix: plasma
Liquid and lacks fibers.
Matrix formed by other tissues, unlike other types of connective tissue.
Moves through vessels, but both fluid and cells can move in/out of the
vessels.

Formed elements: red cells, white cells, and platelets

Hemopoietic tissue
Forms blood cells
Two types of bone marrow
Yellow
Red

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Fluid Connective Tissue: Hemopoietic Tissue

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Muscle Tissue
Characteristics
Contracts or shortens with force
Moves entire body and pumps blood

Types
Skeletal: most attached to skeleton, but some attached
to other types of connective tissue. Striated and
voluntary.
Cardiac: muscle of the heart. Striated and involuntary.
Smooth: muscle associated with tubular structures and
with the skin. Nonstriated and involuntary.

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Skeletal Muscle

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Cardiac Muscle

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Smooth Muscle

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Nervous Tissue: Neurons

Neurons or nerve cells have the ability to
produce action potentials
Parts:
Cell body: contains nucleus
Axon: cell process; conducts impulses away from
cell body; usually only one per neuron
Dendrite: cell process; receive impulses from other
neurons; can be many per neuron

Types:
Multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar
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Neurons

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Nervous Tissue: Neuroglia

Support cells of the
brain, spinal cord and
nerves
Nourish, protect, and
insulate neurons

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LAB 3: PROCEDURES (See Lab Manual)

Procedure: The lab will be set up with two groups of slides A and B. Each group contains 4 microscope stations
labeled A1 to A4 and B 1 to B4. Students will be assigned to either Group A scopes or Group B scopes. The
slides in group A differ from the slides in Group B. Each has one slide for each of the four types of tissues.
Do not adjust the stage, change the magnification or alter the location of the pointer the pointer may
indicate a specific feature that will help you identify the tissue. Observe the slide carefully with special attention
to the area at the end of the needle. You may adjust fine focus only to suit your eyes. If the fine focus doesnt
bring the slide into view, please let the instructor know.
Compare each slide to the photos in the text, PowerPoint slides and any other materials you have available.
Discuss with the members of your group to confirm your slide identification before answering the questions on
the report template.
Budget your time carefully. Please be respectful and remember that all students need to complete this exercise
within the time allotted. When you are finished, hand in the group report and then you may leave.
Lab Evaluation: Lab Report
Expectations of How and What to Do for the Report
The evaluation for this laboratory activity is a collaborative Report to be handed in at the end of the lab. This
evaluation account for 10% of your total grade in this course.
You must answer the questions given directly on the template attached in the Appendix of this document.
Answers must be written in pen and must be legible.
Answers must be appropriate using appropriate language.
Answers must be concise, complete, objective and clear.
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Tissue Membranes

Mucous
Line cavities that open to the outside of
body
Secrete mucus
Contains epithelium with goblet cells,
basement membrane, lamina propria
(sometimes with smooth muscle)
Found in respiratory, digestive, urinary
and reproductive systems.
Serous. simple squamous epithelium called
mesothelium, basement membrane, thin layer
of loose C.T.
Line cavities not open to exterior
Pericardial, pleural, peritoneal
Synovial
Line freely movable joints
Produce fluid rich in hyaluronic acid

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Effects of Aging on Tissues

Cells divide more slowly
Collagen fibers become more irregular in structure, though they
may increase in number
Tendons and ligaments become less flexible and more fragile
Elastic fibers fragment, bind to calcium ions, and become less
elastic
Arterial walls and elastic ligaments become less elastic
Changes in collagen and elastin result in
Atherosclerosis and reduced blood supply to tissues
Wrinkling of the skin
Increased tendency for bones to break
Rate of blood cell synthesis declines in the elderly
Injuries dont heal as readily
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TISSUE ONLINE CLASS QUESTIONS

Answer these questions right after having done the online class to assist with transferring the information from shortterm memory to long-term memory.
Check each of your answers with the text content to verify if it is correct.
Ask yourself: Did I understand this concept/ If not, make a note of that to ask your teacher later.

1.What is the difference between biopsy and autopsy?

2.What are the characteristics of a epithelial tissue?
3.What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
4.Goblet cells are usually associated with what types of cells?
5.The lining of blood vessels has simple swamis epithelium, describe the structure of
such epithelium and its functions?
6.The lining of the nasal cavity contains pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium. Describe
the structure and function of this type of epithelium.
7.Where do we find transitional epithelium? Why is it found in such locations?
8.What are the functions of connective tissue?
9.Describe the structure and function of hyaline cartilage, and where do you find it?
10.Compare skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles as to cell shape, nucleus, presence of
striations, type of control, functions and location.
11.What are the parts of a neuron?
12.What is neuroglia?
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