THE

SKELETAL
SYSTEM 2

The ARTICULAR system

The joints

JOINTS
regions of articulations between bones
place of union between 2 or more bones for
flexibility & movement
Functions of joints

Hold

bones together
Allow for mobility

SYNOVIAL JOINTS

Articulating bones are

separated by a joint
cavity

Synovial fluid is found in

the joint cavity as
lubricant

Ligaments reinforce the

joint

Freely movable

Allow particular types of

movements

Figure 5.24fh

STRUCTURES ASSOCIATED WITH THE SYNOVIAL

JOINT

Bursae flattened fluid-filled sacs

Ease

friction b/n all parts of the joint

Lined with synovial membranes
Filled with synovial fluid
Not actually part of the joint

THE SYNOVIAL JOINT

Figure 5.28

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

BASED ON SHAPE

Knee joint
Elbow joint

Figure 5.29ac

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS BASED ON SHAPE

Hip joint (femurs head fits into socket of pelvis)

Shoulder joint (head of humerus fits into the scapula)
Figure 5.29df

LIGAMENTS VS TENDONS
TENDONS
connects a muscle to a bone

LIGAMENT
connects a bone to another bone

LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS

SPRAIN: RESULT FROM TEARING OR

EXCESSIVE STRETCHING OF THE
LIGAMENTS AND TENDONS AT A JOINT
WITHOUT A DISLOCATION

INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED

WITH JOINTS

Bursitis inflammation of
a bursa usually caused by a
blow or friction
Tendonitis inflammation
of tendon sheaths
Arthritis inflammatory or
degenerative diseases of
joints

CLINICAL FORMS OF ARTHRITIS

Osteoarthritis
Most

common chronic arthritis

Probably related to normal aging
processes

Rheumatoid arthritis
An

autoimmune disease the

immune system attacks the joints

CLINICAL FORMS OF ARTHRITIS

Gouty Arthritis
Inflammation

of joints is
caused by a deposition of
uric crystals from the blood
Evident in big toe
Can usually be controlled
with diet

BONE

DISORDERS

BONE FRACTURES
A break in a bone
Types of bone fractures

Closed

(simple) fracture break that does not penetrate

the skin
Open (compound) fracture broken bone penetrates
through the skin

Bone fractures are treated by reduction and

immobilization
Realignment

of the bone

COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES

Table 5.2

OSTEOPOROSIS

Condition in which the bones are

weakened due to a decrease in the
bone mass that makes up the skeleton

Increased vulnerability to fractures

how to avoid:
Adequate dietary Calcium
Small daily amount of Vit D to
absorb Calcium from the digestive
tract
Exercise

TYPES OF ORDINARY BODY

MOVEMENTS
Flexion bending decrease the angle b/n bones
Extension increase the angle b/n the bones
Rotation
Abduction vs Adduction
Circumduction

BODY MOVEMENTS

Figure 6.13ac

BODY MOVEMENTS

Figure 6.13d

SPECIAL MOVEMENTS
REFER TO PAGE 118 OF YOUR
TEXTBOOK
Dorsiflexion
Inversion
Supination
Opposition

vs
vs
vs
vs

(tip of thumb & fingers brought together)

Protraction
( hang)

(move a part of the body forward

on a plane parallel to the ground)

Plantar flexion
Eversion
Pronation
Reposition
( digits return to their normal positions)

vs

Retraction
(move a part of the body backward on a plane
parallel to the ground)