INVERTER

By
U.P.KUMAR CHATURVEDULA
12/03/16

U P KUMAR CHATURVEDULA

DC to AC Converter (Inverter)
DEFINITION: Converts DC to AC power by switching the
DC input voltage (or current) in a pre-determined
sequence so as to generate AC voltage (or current)
output.
General block diagram
IDC
+
VDC

Iac

+
Vac

TYPICAL APPLICATIONS:
Un-interruptible power supply (UPS), Industrial
(induction motor)U drives,
Traction, HVDC
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Simple square-wave inverter (1)

To illustrate the concept of AC waveform generation
SQUA RE-WA VE
IN VERTER
T3

T1
D1

D3
+ VO

V DC

IO
T4

T2
D2

D4

EQUIVA LEN T
CIRCUIT

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S1

S3

S4

S2

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AC Waveform Generation
S1,S2 ON; S3,S4 OFF

for t1 < t < t2

vO

S1
VDC

VDC

S3

vO

t1

S4

t2

S2

S3,S4 ON ; S1,S2 OFF

for t2 < t < t3

vO

S1
VDC

S3

+
S4

t2

vO

t3

S2
-VDC

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Single-phase half-bridge inverter

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Operational Details
3-wire DC
source

Consists of 2 choppers, 3-wire DC source

Transistors switched on and off alternately
Need to isolate the gate signal for Q 1 (upper device)
Each provides opposite polarity of V s/2 across the
load

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Q1 on, Q2 off, vo = Vs/2

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Peak Reverse Voltage of Q2 =

Vs
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Q1 off, Q2 on, vo = -Vs/2

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Waveforms with resistive load

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Look at the output voltage

rms value of the output voltage,

1
V
o
T

2
2
V
Vs
2

s
Vo
dt

2
To 0 4

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Single-phase full-bridge inverter

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Operational Details

Consists of 4 choppers and a 3-wire DC source

Q1-Q2 and Q3-Q4 switched on and off alternately
Need to isolate the gate signal for Q 1 and Q3 (upper)
Each pair provide opposite polarity of V sacross the load
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Q1-Q2 on, Q3-Q4 off, vo = Vs

+ Vs -

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Q3-Q4 on, Q1-Q2 off, vo = -Vs

- Vs +

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When the load is highly inductive

Turn Q1-Q2 off Q3-Q4 off

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Turn Q3-Q4 off Q1-Q2 off

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Load current for a highly inductive

load

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Three-phase inverter
Each leg (Red, Yellow, Blue) is delayed by 120 degrees.
A three-phase inverter with star connected load is shown
below
+Vdc
+
Vdc/2
G

S1

S3

+
Vdc/2

S5

iR

iY

S4

B
iB

S6

S2

ZR

ia

ib

ZY

ZB

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Three phase inverter waveforms

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Three-Phase Inverters
Three-phase inverters are used for high
power applications.
Three-single phase inverters can be
connected in parallel to form a threephase inverter.
This arrangement will require 12
transistors, 12 diodes, and three singlephase transformers.
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 The gating signals of the single

phase inverters should be 120
degrees with respect to each other.
The transformer primaries are
isolated from each other, while the
secondaries may be connected in
wye or delta.
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 A three-phase output can be

obtained from a configuration of six
transistors and six diodes.
Two types of control signals can be
applied to the transistors: 180o
conduction or 120o conduction.

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180 degree Conduction

For this mode of operation, each
device conducts 180 degrees.

The sequence of firing is: 123, 234,

345, 456, 561, 612.
The gating signals are shifted from
each other by 60 degrees.
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120 degree Conduction

In this mode, each transistor
conducts for 120 degrees.
The sequence of firing is: 61, 12, 23,
34, 45, 56, 61.

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Voltage Control of Single-Phase

Inverters
In industrial applications, it is required to
control the output voltage of inverters.
There are various techniques to vary the
inverter gain.
The most efficient method of controlling
the gain is to incorporate PWM control
within the inverters.
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 The commonly used techniques are:

Single-pulse-width modulation
Multi-pulse-width modulation
Sinusoidal pulse-width modulation
Modified sinusoidal pulse-width modulation
Phase-displacement control

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Single Pulse-Width
Modulation
There is one pulse per half-cycle, and
its width is varied.

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 The modulation index is:

Ar
M=
Ac

The rms output voltage is:

Vo =Vs

The following figure shows

the harmonic
profile with variation of the modulation
index M.

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 The dominant harmonic is the third.

DF increases significantly at a low output
voltage.
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Multiple-Pulse-Width
Modulation
The harmonic content can be
reduced by using several pulses in
each half-cycle of output voltage.

This type of modulation is also known

as uniform-pulse-width modulation
(UPWM).
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 The following figure shows the

harmonic profile against the variation
of modulation index, and p=5.

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 The number of pulses per half cycle

is found from:
mf
fc
p=
=
2 fo
2

where mf is defined as frequency

modulation ratio.

The rms output voltage is:

Vo =Vs
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Sinusoidal Pulse-Width
Modulation
Instead of maintaining the width of
all pulses the same, the width of
each pulse is varied in proportion to
amplitude of a sine wave.

This kind of modulation is known as

SPWM.
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 The rms output voltage is:

p

m 1/ 2
Vo =Vs ( )
m=1

The DF and LOH are reduced

significantly, as shown below.

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 This type of modulation eliminates all

harmonics less than 2p-1.

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Modified Sinusoidal PulseWidth Modulation

This utilizes a different method of
modulation.

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 The harmonic profile is shown below.

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Phase-Displacement Control
Voltage control can be obtained by
using multiple inverters and summing
the output voltages of individual
inverters.

A single-phase full-bridge inverter can

be perceived as the sum of two-bridge
inverters.

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 A 180 degrees phase displacement

produces c.
A delay angle of produces e.
Then the rms output voltage is:
Vo =Vs
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Advantages of PWM
average value proportional to duty cycle, D
low power used in transistors used to switch

the signal
fast switching possible due to MOSFETS
and power transistors at speeds in excess
of 100 kHz
digital signal is resistant to noise
less heat dissipated versus using resistors
for intermediate voltage values
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Disadvantages of PWM

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Cost
Complexity of circuit
Radio Frequency Interference
Voltage spikes
Electromagnetic noise

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Applications of PWM
In the past, motors were controlled at intermediate
speed by using resistors to lower delivered power
Electric stove heater
Lamp dimmers
Voltage regulation convert 12 volts to 5 volts by
having a 41.7% duty cycle
Sound production: PWM controlled signals give
sound effects similar to a chorus
Power transfer: PWM used to reduce the total
power given to a load without relying on resistive
losses
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Thank q

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