Tissues

and
tissue
types
Tissues are:
Collections of specialized cells and cell
products organized to perform a limited
number of functions
Histology = study of tissues

The four tissue types are:

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

Epithelial tissue
Includes glands and epithelium
Glands are secretory

Is avascular
Forms a protective barrier that
regulates permeability
Cells may show polarity

Functions of epithelium

Physical protection
Control permeability
Provide sensation
Produce specialized secretions

Specializations of
epithelium

Perform secretory functions

Perform transport functions
Maintain physical integrity
Ciliated epithelia move materials
across their surface

Specializations of
epithelium

Perform secretory functions

Perform transport functions
Maintain physical integrity
Ciliated epithelia move materials
across their surface

The Polarity of Epithelial

Cells

Maintaining the integrity of

epithelium
Cells attach via cell adhesion molecules
(CAM)
Cells attach at specialized cell junctions
Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

Intercellular connections

Structure of typical
epithelium
Basal lamina attaches to underlying
surface
Lamina lucida
Lamina densa

Germinative cells replace short-lived

epithelial cells

Classification of epithelia
Number of cell layers
Simple
Stratified

Shape of apical surface cells

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

Squamous Epithelia

Cuboidal Epithelia

Cuboidal Epithelia

Transitional Epithelium

Columnar Epithelia

Columnar Epithelia

Columnar Epithelia

Glandular epithelia
Exocrine glands
Secrete through ducts onto the surface of
the gland

Endocrine glands
Release hormones into surrounding fluid

Glandular secretions can

be:
Merocrine (product released through
exocytosis)
Apocrine (involves the loss of both
product and cytoplasm)
Holocrine (destroys the cell)

Mechanisms of Glandular
Secretion

Glands
Unicellular
Individual secretory cells

Multicellular
Organs containing glandular epithelium
Classified according to structure

A Structural Classification of
Exocrine Glands

Connective tissue
functions:

Establishing a structural framework

Transporting fluids and dissolved materials
Protecting delicate organs
Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting
tissues
Storing energy reserves
Defending the body from microorganisms

A Classification of
Connective Tissues

Connective tissues contain

Specialized cells
Matrix
Composed of extracellular protein fibers
and a ground substance

Connective tissue proper

Contains varied cell populations
Contains various fiber types
A syrupy ground substance

Fluid connective tissue

Contains a distinctive cell population
Watery ground substance with
dissolved proteins
Two types
Blood
Lymph

Supporting connective
tissues

Less diverse cell population

Dense ground substance
Closely packed fibers
Two types
Cartilage
Bone

Connective
proper
Contains
fibers, a tissue
viscous ground
substance, and a varied cell population
Fibroblasts
Macrophage
Adipocytes
Mesenchymal cells
Melanocytes
Mast cells
Lymphocytes
Microphages

Connective tissue proper

Three types of fiber
Collagen fibers
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers

Connective
Classified
as loosetissue
or denseproper
Loose
Embryonic mesenchyme, mucous
connective tissues
Areolar tissue
Adipose tissue
Reticular tissue

Dense
Dense regular CT
Dense irregular CT

The Cells and Fibers of

Connective Tissue Proper

Connective Tissue in
Embryos

Adipose and Reticular

Tissues

Dense Connective Tissues

Dense Connective Tissues

Dense Connective Tissues

Fluid
connective
tissues
Distinctive collections of cells in a fluid

matrix
Blood

Formed elements and plasma

Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

Arteries carry blood away, veins carry to

the heart
Capillaries allow diffusion into the
interstitial fluid

Lymph
Interstitial fluid entering the lymphatic
vessels

Formed Elements of the

Blood

Supporting connective
Cartilage and bone
support the rest of
tissues

the body
Cartilage

Grows via interstitial and appositional

growth
Matrix is a firm gel containing chondroitin
sulfate
Cells called chondrocytes
Cells found in lacunae
Perichondrium separates cartilage from
surrounding tissues

The Perichondrium and Types

of Cartilage

The Perichondrium and Types

of Cartilage

The Perichondrium and Types

of Cartilage

Bone, or osseus tissue

Has osteocytes
Depend on diffusion through
canaliculi for nutrients

Little ground substance

Dense mineralized matrix
Surrounded by periosteum

Bone

Membranes are simple

organs
Form a barrier
Composed of epithelium and
connective tissue
Four types
Cutaneous
Synovial
Serous
Mucous

Membranes

Mucous membranes
Line cavities that communicate
with the exterior
Contain lamina propria

Serous membranes
Line sealed internal cavities
Form transudate

 Cutaneous membrane
Covers the body surface

Synovial membrane
Incomplete lining within joint cavities

Organs and systems are

interconnected
Network of connective tissue proper
consisting of
Superficial fascia
Deep fascia
Subserous fascia

The Fasciae

Muscle tissue
Specialized for contraction
Three types
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

Muscle Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Muscle Tissue

Skeletal muscle
Cells are multinucleate
Striated voluntary muscle
Divides via satellite cells

Cardiac muscle
Cardiocytes occur only in the heart
Striated involuntary muscle
Relies on pacemaker cells for regular
contraction

Smooth muscle tissue

Non-striated involuntary muscle
Can divide and regenerate

Neural tissue
Conducts electrical impulses
Conveys information from one area to
another

Neural tissue cells

Neurons
Transmit information

Neuroglia
Support neural tissue
Help supply nutrients to neurons

Neural Tissue

Neural anatomy
Cell body
Dendrites
Axon (nerve fiber)
Carries information to other neurons

Inflammation and
regeneration
Injured tissues respond in
coordinated fashion
Homeostasis restored by
inflammation and regeneration

Inflammatory response
Isolates injured area
Damaged cells, tissue components and
dangerous microorganisms removed
Infection avoided

Regeneration restores normal function

An Introduction to
Inflammation

Aging and tissue repair

Change with age

Repair and maintenance less efficient
Structure altered
Chemical composition altered

Aging and cancer incidence

Incidence of cancer increases with
age
70-80% of all cases due to exposure
to chemicals or environmental
factors

Changes in a Tissue under

Stress