Cholera over Europe

Urban Growth (to 1900)

Victorian
England

Did I mention I was

German!!! (SaxeColburg)

Born in 1819, Victoria reigned

from 1837-1901. In 1840
Victoria married German
Prince Albert of Saxe-CoburgGotha.
lamb led to slaughter
Notable Offspring:
Victoria married Frederick III
and mother to Friedrich
Wilhelm II (Emperor of
Germany)
King Edward VII
Alfred married Grand Duchess
Maria of Russia (1874)
Beatrice daughter became
Queen of Spain (Victoria; 1885)

The beginning of the era!!

Reform Act of 1832 (or Great Reform Act):
House of Commons seats to large cities that
had sprung up during
the____________________, and took away seats
from rotten and pocket boroughs.
Increased the size of the electorate to
650,000, one out of six adult males could
vote!

Utilitarianism
Brainchild of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
greatest good for the greatest number (the
greatest happiness principle)
Adherents:
Edwin Chadwick (1800-1890)
Urban health
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
Political Economist and
Social Theory; On Liberty (1859)
Diffused throughout Europe from GB

Peeps Pick up the Baton

No to the miasmatic theory!
John Snow (1813-1858)
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
GERM
THEORY!
German scientist, Wilhelm Rontgen (18451923) created the X-Ray in 1895.
German scientist, Robert Koch (1843-1910),
discovered the germ that caused tuberculosis
(a deadly air-born disease). Also developed
tests!!

Mills Utilitarianism
The subject of this Essay is not the so-called
Liberty of the Will, so unfortunately opposed to
the misnamed doctrine of Philosophical Necessity;
but Civil, or Social Liberty: the nature and limits of
the power which can be legitimately exercised by
society over the individual.
"That the only purpose for which power can be
rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized
community, against his will, is to prevent harm to
others. His own good, either physical or moral, is
not a sufficient warrant....Over himself, over his
body and mind, the individual is sovereign."

Mills Liberties of People

1) The freedom to think as one wishes,
and to feel as one does. This includes the
freedom of opinion, and includes the
freedom to publish opinions.
2) The freedom to pursue tastes and
pursuits, even if they are deemed
"immoral," and only so long as they do
not cause harm.
3)The "freedom to unite" or meet with
others.

Harriet Taylor Mill (18071858)

Argued that men and women were equal
and entitled to the same political rights,
including the right to vote.
She wrote The Enfranchisement of
Women (1851)
Her husband, the philosopher John Stuart
Mill (1806-1873), wrote the Subjection of
Women in 1869.

[y]ou will be a disgrace to yourself

and all your family.
Well-off family
Graduated from
Cambridge with a
degree in divinity
Stumbling through life
Until

Voyage of the Beagle (183136)

Survived earthquake Found fossils

Discovered new dolphin species Survived Robert
FitzRoy

Why the change???

Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
Darwin then began to argue that life was a struggle
and that some organisms had innate advantages
and those that had such advantages passed them
on to their offspring while others died. There was
a war in nature, Darwin insisted, and the weak
died and the strong survived.
Natural Selection
NOT survival of the fittest
Evolution: Darwin DID NOT reach his ideas, as is
usually argued, by him noticing the diversity of
the beaks on finches in the Galapagos Islands.

WaitWaitWait or everyone is interested in

pigeons.
Darwin held on to his findings from 1844-1859
Robert Chambers: Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
(1844) suggesting that humans evolved from lesser
primates.
Alfred Russel Wallace (1858) same idea!!!!
Linnaean Society July 1, 1858
1859; On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or
the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life OR
one long argument
Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel - The History of
Creation (1884) Recapitulation Theory - Developing from
embryo to adult, animals go through stages resembling or
representing successive stages in the evolution of their remote
ancestors Romantic approach and asked biology to be applied
to politics.

Social Darwinism
Darwins ideas taken to an
extreme:
Herbert Spencer:
1. English Sociologist and
Philosopher
2. Applied (and coined the
term) Survival of the
fittest to mans quest
against other men.
3. Leads to idea of racial