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What is a Tsunami?
When mass movement, such as an
Tsunami Sources
Tsunami Genesis
Tsunamis are
caused by events
that drastically and
suddenly shift a
large volume of
water.
FromPlummerMcGearyCarlson
Tsunami Earthquakes
Some earthquakes have generated very
Tsunami Earthquakes
One way to identify these events is to
compare Ms to Mw
Ms ~ 20 seconds period
Mw ~ 100-200 seconds period
Standard
Earthquake
M~7.0
g
v=
tanh
L
d < 20 c
2
gD
v = gD
v = gD
2
gD2
H D1
vD 2
=
=
2
H D 2 v D1
gD1
FromUNESCO/PTWCtsunamibooklet
An Example
T=2000/713=2.2hr
An Example
T=500/430=1.1hr
An Example
Courtesy: K.
Satake,
unpublished
An Example
2
gD2
H D1
0.6 2
=
=
=
2
2
HD2 HD 2
gD1
9.8 *10
H D 2 = 7.6m
9.8 * 4000
NOAA
QuickTime and a
GIF decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Describing Tsunamis
Tsunami wave height is the height of the
Tsunami Locations
Large subduction zones produce the most
Pacific ~ 80%
Atlantic ~ 10%
Elsewhere ~ 10%
Tsunami Propagation
Tsunamis are most devastating near the
QuickTime and a
Cinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Wave diffraction
QuickTime and a
Cinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Bascom,1964
86feet=26m
QuickTime and a
GIF decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Tsunami Warning
Because tsunamis travel relatively slowly,
governments.
Check out:
http://wcatwc.gov/
Tsunami Warning
1998
From Merritts et al.,
Tsunami Warning
Tsunami Warning
Aemergencyreactionexample(thankstoBenz,USGS)
1 minutes after OT
NEIC
No information regarding
earthquake
PTWC
No information regarding
earthquake and/or tsunami
90
100
NEIC
P
PTWC
Short period alarm on western
Pacific stations
Short-period alarm stations
10 minutes after OT
10 minutes after OT
12 minutes after OT
NEIC
Short period alarm on sixteen
stations In the region
PTWC
Mwp8.2 earthquake located
off the north coast of Sumatra
90
NEIC
First automatic location released
at NEIC
PTWC
Confers with NEIC on the
location and magnitude of the
Earthquake
Release Tsunami Information Bulletin
01:14
Information Bulletin
WC&ATWC Tsunami
16 minutes after OT
16 minutes after OT
30 minutes after OT
M5.5
34 minutes after OT
M6.1
M5.5
39 minutes after OT
M6.0
M6.1
M5.5
43 minutes after OT
M5.5
M6.0
M6.1
M5.5
44 minutes after OT
NEIC
Automatic Ms magnitude is
calculated (Ms8.5)
Pager notification to about 30
people in the USGS
Aftershocks suggest Ms8.5 is
too low
PTWC
0
90
NEIC
Releases reviewed
earthquake location and
magnitude (Ms8.5)
Pager notifications are sent
to 25,000 people
Call down list is activated
Wire service reports
of collapsed buildings in
Banda Aceh
PTWC
90
02:30 UTC
02:25
02:35
02:36
02:37
02:39
02:42
02:27
02:29
Msg
Pager/Email
Pager
Pager/Email
Fax/Email
Email
Email
Agency
Agency
US Embassy Consular Section,
Jakarta, Indonesia
Fax/Email
US Consulate General,
Surabaya, Indonesia
Fax/Email
US Consular Agent, Denpasar,
Indonesia
Fax
UN Office for the Coordination
of Humanitarian
Affairs, Geneva,
Switzerland
NEIC
Continuing dialogue between
USGS scientists in Golden,
Reston and Menlo Park
No confirmation via wire
services of tsunami in the
Indian Ocean
Wire service reports of
building collapse in Banda
Aceh
Web content is being
developed and posted
NEIC
Continuing dialogue between
USGS scientists in Golden,
Reston and Menlo Park
No confirmation via wire
services of tsunami in the
Indian Ocean
Wire service reports of
building collapse in Banda
Aceh
Web content is being
developed and posted
CanWeDoBetter?Yes
Improvedsensornetworksinhazardsareasoftheworld(seismic,
tidegauge,oceanbuoys)andcoordinateddistributionand
processingofdata
Betterinformationcontentthatcanbetterassistemergency
responderstoassessthescopeofthedisaster
Coordinationandintegrationwithnational,regionalandlocal
emergencyresponseagenciesandcivilauthorities
Educationandtrainingatnational,regionalandlocallevelsof
governmentandthegeneralpopulation
Seiches
The sloshing of closed bodies of water
Landslide in lakes
A much more serious hazard is a landslide
LandslideTsunami
SissanoLagoonPapuaNew
Guinea
EarthquakeMagnitude~7.0
Landslide~35km3[0.61.0miles ]
Tsunami1015meters[3050feet]
3
1929GrandBanks
EarthquakeMagnitude~7.2
Landslide~185km3[~35miles ]
Tsunami 412meters[1240feet]
MidAtlanticCoast
Landslide~150km3[~30miles ]
Tsunami??????
3
NewJerseyCoast
Landslide~120km3[~25miles ]
Tsunami??????
3
The2004BoxingDayEarthquake
1946 Hilo
Photographic sequence
from hotel balcony in
Thailand (1 of 2)
Photographic sequence (2
of 2)