Steam Power Plant

By.
Hamza Asadullah
Muhammad Umer
Danial thebo
Umair Ahmed
Muhammad Nabeel
Maaz Azam
Sallar Ali

Outlines:

Introduction and History

Components of Steam Power Plant
Working Of Steam Power plant
Working Principle : Rankine Cycle
Efficiency and ways to improve it
Merits And Demerits
Safety Precautions
Facts & Figures
References

Introduction

Steam Power plant is one of the main

sources of Electrical Energy.

It uses Steam as a working fluid.

It converts heat energy into

mechanical work by using steam
turbine.

Introduction

Principle: When you boil water the

resulting steam exerts pressure and
moves objects.

History

The First Steam Engine was a made by

Hero of Alexandria over 2000 years
ago.

History

In 18th Century reciprocating engine

was used to produce mechanical
energy.
First commercially developed central
electrical power stations were
established in 1882, they used these
engine.
By 1892 the turbine was considered a
better alternative to reciprocating
engines

History

Nowadays, Modern Steam Turbines are

used in steam power plants. They use
curved blades attached to a central
axle that turns. The steam pressure
turns the blades.

Components

Following are the main components of

Steam power plant

Fuel Combustion Chamber

Boiler
Super heater
Turbine
A.C Alternator / Electric generator
Condenser
Cooling Tower
Feed Pump
Economizer

Schematic Diagram

Working

It works in a cycle. Cycle starts by the combustion of

fuel.

Fuel combustion chamber:

Here the Fuel is burned and the energy produced is used to

heat the boiler.

Boiler:
Boiler is the device which is used to boil the water and the

steam so produced is used to do work.

Super Heater:
The super heater re-heats the steam generated by the

boiler, increasing its thermal energy and decreasing the

likelihood that it will condense inside the engine.

Working

Turbine:
A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a

steam flow and converts it into useful work. A turbine contains a

rotating part, which is a shaft with blades attached. Moving Steam
acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy
to the rotor.

A.C Alternator:
The function of this component is to convert the mechanical energy

of turbine into electrical energy in the form of alternating current.

Condenser:
Its function is to convert the exhaust steam into a condensate. In

condenser, water from cooling tower absorbs heat from exhausted

steam.

Working

Cooling Tower:
Its function is to supply cold water to condenser which absorbs heat

then enters in the cooling tank where it loses heat to the atmosphere
and again moves towards condenser to absorb heat.

Feed Pump:
A boiler pump is a specific type of pump used to pump condensate

formed at the condenser into a steam boiler. It is a high pressure

device.

Economizer:
Its function is to collect the waste gases from the combustion

chamber and to use them to pre heat the condensate in order to

make the process more cost effective.
Then it again moves towards the boiler.

Rankine Cycle

TheRankine cycleis a mathematical model that is

used to predict the performance ofsteam engines.

The Rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic

cycleof aheat enginethat converts heat into
mechanical work.

The Rankine cycle closely describes the process

by which steam-operatedheat enginescommonly
found in thermalpower generation
plantsgenerate power.

Processes in the Rankine

Cycle

There are four processes in the Rankine

cycle.

Two processes are Isentropic(Constant

entropy)

Others two are Isobaric(Constant

pressure)

Processes

Process 1-2 (Isentropic Compression) :

The working fluid is pumped from low to

high pressure. As the fluid is a liquid at this

stage the pump requires little input energy.

Process 2-3 (isobaric Heat Absorbtion):

The high pressure liquid enters a boiler

where it is heated at constant pressure by

an external heat source to become a dry
saturated vapour.

Processes

Process 3-4 (Isentropic Expansion):

The dry saturated vapor expands through

aturbine, generating power. This decreases

the temperature and pressure of the vapour,
and some condensation may occur.

Process 4-1(Isobaric heat rejection):

The wet vapour then enters

acondenserwhere it is condensed at a
constant pressure to become asaturated
liquid.

Processes

Efficiency

Efficiency is the basically the ratio of

the desire output to the required input.

For Steam power plant the efficiency is

Efficiency

The efficiency of steam Power Plant is

around 30-40 %.
This can be explained by 3 stage
process.
Process 1:
The first process of energy conversion is

the combustion where the energy in coal is

converted to heat energy. The efficiency of
this conversion is around 90 % i-e 10%
loss.

Efficiency

Process 2:
The second stage of conversion is the thermodynamic

stage. The heat from combustion is transferred to the

water to produce steam. The energy of the steam is
converted to mechanical rotation of the turbine. There
is about 45-50% loss in this process

Process 3:
The third stage converts the mechanical rotation to

Electricity in a generator. Copper, magnetic and

mechanical losses account for 5-10 % loss in the
Generator. This brings the overall efficiency of power
plant to around 35%.

Ways to improve Efficiency

Improving Cycle Efficiency

It can be improved by:
Lowering the Condenser Pressure
Superheating the Steam to High Temperature
Increasing the Boiler Pressure

Ways to improve Efficiency

Materials to permit longer life and

higher operating temperatures for
more efficient systems.

Improving Heat transfer and

aerodynamics to improve turbine blade
life and performance.

Merits & Demerits

Merits:
The fuel used is quite cheap.
Less initial cost as compared to other

generating plants.
It can be installed at any place irrespective

of the existence of coal. The coal can be

transported to the site of the plant by rail
or road.

Merits & Demerits

It require less space as compared to Hydro

power plants.
Cost of generation is less than that of

diesel power plants.

It is quick way to generate large electric

power as compare to other sources such as

nuclear power or hydropower plants.

Merits and Demerits

Demerits:
It pollutes the atmosphere due to

production of large amount of smoke and

fumes.
It is costlier in running cost as compared to

Hydro electric plants.

Efficiency of Steam powerplant is about

30-40% where as that of hydropower plant

is about 90 %

Merits and Demerits

Starting up and bringing into service takes

more time.
It may not remain economical for the areas

which are remote from the coal mines.

A steam engine is not very safe to use

because its boiler can burst due to

excessive steam pressure.

Safety Precautions

Following are the safety precaution

Training - Employees must be trained in

safety prior to operation of the equipment.

Housekeeping - Good housekeeping is

essential for safety and good plant

operation.
Clothing and Protective Equipment - Proper

clothing should be worn at all times.

Safety Precautions
Hot Surfaces - Many hot surfaces exist in a

boiler area and even non-heated surfaces can

become uncomfortably warm.
Check all fire safety equipment on a regular

basis to be sure it is in proper working condition.

Always secure and tag steam stop valves,

bottom blow down valves, and feed water

valves when a boiler in battery is removed from
service for cleaning and inspection.

Safety Precautions
Move quickly and with purpose in

emergencies but do not run.

Personally double check the plant and

equipment before starting up or making

repairs.
Always report any unsafe condition in

the plant to the immediate superior.

Facts and Figures

First steam engine was a toy, the classicAeolipile,

which was made about 2000 years ago
byGreekmathematician Hero of Alexandria.

First commercially developed steam power plant

had the power generation capacity of
7.5KW(10hp).

At present, the largest Steam power generating

facility ever built using coal is the Taichung Power
Plant in Taiwan with 5500 MW capacity.

Facts and figures

Around 2 million tons of coal is required

each year to produce the continuous
power in a power plant.

To condense all the steam leaving

turbine, it will require around 50,000
cubic meter per hour of cooling water
to be circulated from lakes, rivers or
the sea.

Facts And Figures

Pakistan had a total installed power

generation capacity of 21,103 MW in
2012.
Steam power plant 13,637 MW 65
Hydropower plant 6,654 MW 31%l
nuclear plant 812 MW 4%

Steam Power plants In

Pakistan

Main Thermal power plants in Pakistan:

Kot Addu Power Plant:

Power generation capacity 1600MW

Steam Power plants In

Pakistan

Hub Power plant:

Power generation capacity 1300 MW

Steam Power plants In

Pakistan

Bin Qasim power Station:

Power generation capacity 1260 MW

References

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_power_station

http://www.brighthubengineering.com/powerplants/19182-how-efficient-is-energy-conversion-in-athermal-power-plant/

Thermodynamics: An engineering approach by Yunus

Cengel

http://www.brighthubengineering.com/powerplants/18082-coal-fired-thermal-power-plant-thebasic-steps-and-facts/

Thank You

Any Questions?