NARRATIVE

WRITING

PARAGRAPH BY NARRATION
A

writing that tells a story, or simply

recounting of events or storytelling.

Generally

presents series of events in

chronological (time) order, moving from
beginning to end.

Should

contain some element of drama

and tension. They want to be entertained
or emotionally engaged.

FORMS: (Non-Fiction/ Real

Happenings)
1.

Anecdotes

4. Autobiographies

2.

History and News 5. Personal Experience/

Adventures

3.

Biographies

Fiction
4.

Short stories2. Novels

3. Drama

4. Science Fiction 5. Myths 6. Legends

7. Fantastic stories/ fairy tale 8. Fables

ELEMENTS OF
NARRATION

SETTIN
TIME AND PLACE IN WHICH IT HAPPEN
G
CHARACTER

PLOT
POV

PERSON OR SOMETIMES EVEN AN

ANIMAL, WHO TAKES PART IN THE
ACTION OF THE LITERARY WORK.

SERIES OF EVENTS AND CHARACTER

ACTIONS THAT RELATE TO THE CENTRAL
CONFLICT.

REFERS TO THE WAY THE

NARRATOR TELLS THE STORY.

FIVE ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A

PLOT:
CLIMAX

RISING ACTION

EXPOSITIO
N

FALLING ACTION

DENOUMEN
T

Point Of View
Meaning
Example
First-Person Story is told When I was
Point of View
by the
a young
protagonist
boy
SecondAuthor tells
Before you
Person Point
the story
go
of View
Third-Person The story is There was a
Point of View being told by
young
an outside
prince
observer.

MORE
examples

DESCRIPTIVE
WRITING

PARAGRAPH BY DESCRIPTION
The

writer uses sensory details such as

sights, sounds, smells, tastes feelings and
textures to create vivid images in the
readers mind.

The

writer often uses spatial order to

create a clear visual image of a person,
place, object or scene.

TWO KINDS OF DESCRIPTIVE

PARAGRAPH
OBJECTIVE

Describes something without

conveying the writers own
emotion

SUBJECTIVE

Conveys feelings and emotions

about a person, place, or thing.

COMPARISON
AND CONTRAST

COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
A

comparison tells how two things

are similar.
A contrast tells how they are
different.

TYPES OF COMPARISON
AND CONTRAST

SUBJECT-BY-SUBJECT METHOD
Present s all the points of comparison
of the two.
INTRODUCTION
Specific points of
No. 1
Specific points of
No. 2
Conclusion

Block Method Outline:

Part A Point 1: Cats can clean themselves.
Point 2: Cats can exercise by themselves.
Point 3: Cats do not require training.
Part B Point 1: In contrast to cats, dogs need
baths.
Point 2: Unlike cats, dogs must be walked
regularly.
Point 3: Whereas, cats need no training, dogs
must be trained.

ALTERNATIVE Method Outline:

Point 1: Para. 1: Cats can clean themselves.
Para. 2: In contrast to cats, dogs need baths.
Point 2: Para. 3 Cats can exercise by themselves.
Para. 4 Unlike cats, dogs must be walked
regularly.
Point 3: Para. 5 Cats do not require training.
Para. 6 Whereas cats need no training, dogs
must be trained.

POINT-BY-POINT ARRANGEMENT
Presents a point about one item then follows
immediately with a corresponding point about
the other
INTRODUCTION
Leadership
Qualities
Knowledge of
ordering and
accounting
procedure
Musical Knowledge
Conclusion

PARAGRAPH
BY ANALOGY

ANALOGY
An

analogy is a comparison in which an

idea or a thing is compared to another
thing that is quite different from it.

METAPHORS AND SIMILES are tools used

to draw an analogy.

Analogies

are used to draw comparisons

between seemingly unlike people, items,
places, or situations.

SIMILE and
You are as stubborn as a mule.
METAPHORS
You

are like the sun that shines above

me.
You
He

are the wind beneath my wings.

is a diamond in the rough.

 "Falling

in love is like waking up with a

cold--or more fittingly, like waking up
with a fever. . . ."
(William B. Irvine,On Desire, 2006)

"Quitting

a job is like leaving a woman.

It's like abandoning part of yourself. . . ."
(Benjamin Cheever,Selling Ben
Cheever, 2002)

Life is like a race. The one who keeps running wins the
race and the ne who stops to catch a breath loses.
Just a sword is the weapon of a warrior, a pen is the
weapon of a writer.
How a doctor diagnoses diseases is like how a detective
investigates crimes.

Just as a caterpillar comes out of its cocoon, so we must

come out of our comfort zone.

You are as annoying as nails on a chalkboard

PARAGRAPH
BY DEFINITION

TYPES OF
DEFINITION

FORMAL DEFINITION
TERM
A pineapple
(words being
defined)

CLASS
is a tropical
fruit (referring
to the big
group to which
the term
belongs to)

DIFFERENTIATIONS

that has sword

like leaves and
yellow edible
fruit (words of
phrase that
makes it
different)

INFORMAL DEFINITION
OPERATIONAL
Giving the
meaning of an
abstract

SYNONYM
Words that
mean the same
word as another

DENOTATION
AND
CONNOTATION
Exact meaning;
associated idea

DEFINITION
PARAGRAPH
Is

definition sentence which is

extended into a paragraph by
adding meanings, descriptions,
narrations and other kinds of
paragraph
development
to
make clear the term being
defined.

CONSTRUCTION
The starting point for a definition
paragraph is a simple definition which
becomes the topic
sentence of the paragraph.

gives a simple
Topic Sentence
definition
give more information
through the use of
Support Sentences
examples, description or
explanation
Concluding Sentence (usually unnecessary)

Deja vu is a French word meaning "already seen", it has also

been described as a feeling or experience that one has
seen or done something before. For example, you are
waiting in line to check out at the grocery store and the
lady behind you asks you to hand her a pack of gum.
Suddenly you get an overwhelming feeling that you have
been there in that exact same spot, talking to the same
lady, even the same brand of gum. Even though
everything seems so familiar you know there is no way
that could have happened before. There are many
theories as to why and how this phenomenon happens.
One theory is that deja vu is connected with temporallobe epilepsy, but people without a history of epilepsy
have also experienced deja vu. Psychiatrists believe it is
something in your brain that confuses an event that
happened in the past with the present. Another theory is
parapsychologist think it is connected with past life
experiences. Whether deja vu is an experience of the
paranormal or simply some confusion in the brain, it is a

PARAGRAPH
BY PROCESS

A PROCESS IS A SERIES OF
STEPS THAT LEADS TO A
PARTICULAR RESULT.

PROCESS PARAGRAPH EXPLAINS

HOW SOMETHING WORKS OR
TELLS HOW TO DO STHG.

TYPES OF PROCESS
TYPES OF PROCESS
PARAGRAPH
PARAGRAPH

PROCESS
EXPLANATION
The

writers purpose is
simply to help readers
understand a process, NOT
perform it.

PROCESS
EXPLANATION
The

purpose is to give
readers the information they
need to perform a task or
activity.

PARAGRAPH BY
CAUSE AND EFFECT

CAUSE

EFFEC
T

IS WHAT
RESULTS
FROM A
PARTICULAR
SITUATION

WHAT MAKES A
PARTICULAR
THING HAPPEN

TWO ORGANIZATION OF A
CAUSE-EFFECT PARAGRAPH
1. Identify

the effect in the topic

sentence and write about its
causes; or
2. Write about the cause in the
topic sentence and write
about its effect.

CAUSES:
1.The first
cause
2.The first
reason
3.Yet another
factor
4.Because
5.Is caused by

EFFECTS:
1.One important
effect
2.Another result
3.A third
outcome
4.As a result
5.Consequently
6.Then, next,
therefore, thus,

1.

Distinguish between cause and

effect.

.To

determine causes, ask, "Why did

this happen?"
.To

identify effects, ask, "What

happened because of this?"
.Cause
.You

are out of gas.

.Effect

.Your

car won't start.

 For

example

1.In some areas, water levels will

fall;
( cause )
as a result , these areas will no
longer be able to support
agriculture.
(effect)

Multiple Causes Effect

Hereditary
influences
Lack of exercise

Overeating
Slow metabolic
rate

Obesity

Cause Multiple Effects

Blood sugar
imbalance
Excessive
consumption
of sugar

Tooth decay
Hyperactivity
Weight gain