Eksternl flow dan

Internal Flow
Fery Dwi Purwanto(2415100021)
Dzhokar Ali Akbar(2415100027)

External Flow:
The Flat Plate in Parallel Flow

Physical Features

Physical Features

As with all external flows, the boundary layers develop freely without constraint.

Boundary layer conditions may be entirely laminar, laminar and turbulent,

or entirely turbulent.

To determine the conditions, compute

u L u L
Re L

and compare with the critical Reynolds number for transition to turbulence, Re x , c .
Re L Re x , c laminar flow throughout
Re L Re x , c transition to turbulent flow at xc / L Re x ,c / Re L

Physical Features (cont.)

Value of Re x , cdepends on free stream turbulence and surface roughness.

Nominally,
Re x ,c 5 105.

If boundary layer is tripped at the leading edge

Re x ,c 0
and the flow is turbulent throughout.

Surface thermal conditions are commonly idealized as being of uniform

temperature Ts or uniform heat flux qs . Is it possible for a surface to be
concurrently characterized by uniform temperature and uniform heat flux?

Thermal boundary layer development may be delayed by an unheated

starting length.

Equivalent surface and free stream temperatures for x and uniform Ts

(or qs ) for x ..

Similarity Solution

Similarity Solution for Laminar,

Constant-Property Flow over an Isothermal Plate

Based on premise that the dimensionless x-velocity component, u / u ,

and temperature, T * T Ts / T Ts , can be represented exclusively in
terms of a dimensionless similarity parameter

y u / x

1/ 2

Similarity permits transformation of the partial differential equations associated

with the transfer of x-momentum and thermal energy to ordinary differential
equations of the form
d3 f
d2 f
2 3 f
0
d
d 2
where u / u df / d , and
d 2T * Pr dT *

f
0
2
d
2 d

Similarity Solution (cont.)

Subject to prescribed boundary conditions, numerical solutions to the momentum

and energy equations yield the following results for important local boundary layer
parameters:
- with u / u 0.99 at 5.0,

5.0

u / vx

u
- with s
y

1/ 2

5x
Re1/x 2

u
y 0

and d 2 f / d 2
C f ,x

d2 f
u / vx
d 2

0.332,

s, x
1/ 2

0.664
Re
x
u2 / 2

- with hx qs / Ts T k T * / y
and dT * / d
and

Nu x

y 0

k u / vx

0.332 Pr1/ 3 for Pr 0.6,

hx x
0.332 Re1/x 2 Pr1/ 3
k

Pr1/ 3
t

1/ 2

dT * / d

Similarity Solution (cont.)

How would you characterize relative laminar velocity and thermal boundary layer
growth for a gas? An oil? A liquid metal?

How do the local shear stress and convection coefficient vary with distance from
the leading edge?

Average Boundary Layer Parameters:

s, x
Cf ,x
hx

1 x
0 s dx
x
1.328 Re x1/ 2

1 x
hx dx
x 0

Nu x 0.664 Re1/x 2 Pr1/ 3

The effect of variable properties may be considered by evaluating all properties

at the film temperature.
Tf

Ts T
2

Turbulent Flow

Turbulent Flow

Local Parameters:
Empirical
Correlations

C f , x 0.0592 Re x 1/ 5
Nu x 0.0296 Re 4x / 5 Pr1/ 3

How do variations of the local shear stress and convection coefficient with
distance from the leading edge for turbulent flow differ from those for laminar flow?

Average Parameters:
1 xc
L
hL
0 h1am dx xc hturb dx
L

Substituting expressions for the local coefficients and assuming Re x ,c 5 105 ,

0.074 1742
C f , L 1/ 5
Re L
Re L

Nu L 0.037 Re 4L / 5 871 Pr1/ 3

For Re x , c 0 or L ? xc Re L ? Re x , c ,
C f , L 0.074 Re L1/ 5
Nu L 0.037 Re 4L / 5 Pr1/ 3

Special Cases

Special Cases: Unheated Starting Length (USL)

and/or Uniform Heat Flux

For both uniform surface temperature (UST) and uniform surface heat flux (USF),
the effect of the USL on the local Nusselt number may be represented as follows:
Laminar

Nu x

Nu x 0
a b

1 / x

Nu x 0

C Re mx Pr1/ 3

Turbulent

UST

USF

UST

USF

3/4

3/4

9/10

9/10

1/3

1/3

1/9

1/9

0.332

0.453

0.0296

0.0308

1/2

1/2

4/5

4/5

Sketch the variation of hx versus x for two conditions: 0 and 0.

What effect does an USL have on the local convection coefficient?

Special Cases (cont.)

UST:
qs hx Ts T q hL As Ts T
L
2 p 1 / 2 p 2
Nu L Nu L
1 / L
0 L

2 p / 2 p 1

p 1 for laminar flow throughout

p = 4 for turbulent flow throughout
hL numerical integration for laminar/turbulent flow
hL

USF:
q
Ts T s
hx

1 xc
h1am dx xL hturb dx
c

L
q qs As

Treatment of Non-Constant Property Effects:

Evaluate properties at the film temperature.
T T
Tf s
2

Problem: Orientation of Heated Surface

Problem 7.21: Preferred orientation (corresponding to lower heat loss) and the
corresponding heat rate for a surface with adjoining smooth and roughened
sections.

Orientation of Heated Surface (cont.)

4/5

Nu L,1 0.037 1.04 106

871 0.71/3 1366

4/5
6
Since Nu L,2 0.037 1.04 10
0.7 1/ 3 2139 Nu L,1 , it follows that the lowest heat

transfer is associated with Configuration 1.

Problem: Conveyor Belt

Problem 7.25: Convection cooling of steel plates on a conveyor by

air in parallel flow.

Problem: Conveyor Belt (cont.)

h k / L Nu L 0.0361W / m K /1m 336 12.1W / m 2 K

q 2 12.1W / m 2 K 1m

300

20 C 6780 W

Problem: Conveyor Belt (cont.)

IN

E
T

N
R

L
A

O
L
F

FLOW
CONDITION

Turbulent flow

Circular tube

Laminar flow

MEAN
VELOCITY
Mass flow rate

Velocity average

Dengan : Ac = D2/4

Velocity Profile
in Fully Developed
Region

Asumsi :

Moody Diagram

Pressure
Gradient
and Friction
Factor

friction factor for fully

developed laminar flow :
friction coefficient :

friction factor in a function of tube surface

condition and increase with roughness e :

Petukhov :
Pressure drop p from axial position x1 to x2 :

THERMAL
CONSIDERATION

Laminar entry length :

Pr : prandtl number
Pr > 1 hydrodinamic boundary layer develops more rapidly
than thermal boundary layer
Pr < 1 thermal boundary layer develops more rapidly than
hydrodinamic boundary layer