Basic of Lubricants Lubrication

The Basics of
Lubricants and lubrication
Meaning of lubrication
Friction - is created when there is
relative motion between two surfaces

Resistance to motion is defined as
friction
Lubrication is use of a material
between surfaces to reduce friction
Any material used is called a lubricant
Engine Lubrication Principles
Two main methods

Hydrodynamic lubrication
Boundary lubrication
Hydrodynamic lubrication
Also called complete or full flow
Occurs when two surfaces are completed separated
by a fluid film
Boundary lubrication
Occurs when Hydrodynamic lubrication fails.
Hydrodynamic Lubrication
is the wedge shape of oil film that
completely separates two surfaces that have

relative motion
Lubricant Specialist
Hydrodynamic Lubrication
occurs between the shaft journals and the
bearing inserts.
Type of lubrication system

Mist lubrication system
Wet sump lubrication system
i. Splash system
ii Splash and pressure system
Iii Pressure feed system
Dry sump lubrication system
Wet sump lubrication system:

Bottom of the crankcase contains
oil pan or sump from which the

lubricating oil is pumped to various
engine components by a pump.
After lubrication, oil flows back to
the sump by gravity.
Splash lubricating system
Splash and pressure lubricating system
Pressure lubricating system
Lubrication in piston rings and bearings
Cylinde
r liner
Crank pin,
bottom end
bearing
(rotatory
motion)
Web
Oil
Piston
rings
Oil is picked up
by the webs while
rotating, and
splashed onto the
piston and liner
Connecti
ng rod
Journal,
journal
bearing
Web extension
(rotatory
motion)
11
Function of lubrication:
Lubrication produces the following

effects:
(a) Reducing friction effect
(b) Cooling effect
(c) Sealing effect and
(d) Cleaning effect.
Reducing frictional effect:

The primary purpose of the lubrication is to reduce friction
and wear between two rubbing surfaces
Cooling effect: The heat, generated by piston, cylinder, and
bearings is removed by lubrication to a great extent.
Lubrication creates cooling effect on the engine parts
Sealing effect: The lubricant enters into the gap between
the cylinder liner, piston and piston rings. Thus, it prevents
leakage of gases from the engine cylinder.
Cleaning effect: Lubrication keeps the engine clean by

removing dirt or carbon from inside of the engine along
with the oil.
Properties of lubricants
Kinematic viscosity
Measure of internal resistance to flow
Thickness of fluid (in laymen terms)
Decreases with increase in temperature
Important in lubricant selection
Increase in used oil indicates oxidation
Specified at 40C and 100C
Measured in Centi Stokes (CSt)
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Lube.specialist@gmail.com
Viscosity index
It is used to grade lubricants. Viscosity is
inversely proportional to temp. -If temp.

increases, the viscosity of the lubricant
decreases and if temp. decreases, the
viscosity of the lubricant increases.Measure of
fluids change of viscosity with temperature.
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Pour Point
Lowest temperature at which the fluid
will flow
Indicates lowest operating
temperature
Measured in C
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Flash Point
Lowest temperature at which the vapor
above the liquid will ignite under flame
Indicated safe maximum temperature of
operation.
Indicator of volatility
Test method - COC and PMCC
Measured in C
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Oiliness: It is the property of a
lubricating oil to spread & attach itself

firmly to the bearing surfaces as well as
provide lubricity.
Cloud Point: It is the temp. at which the
lubricating oil changes its state from

liquid to solid. Its temp. must high for
the low temp. operability of the
lubricating oil during winter.
Oxidation stability: It is resistance
to oxidation. Due to oxidation the

oil will form deposits on the piston
rings and lose its lubricating
property.
Cleanliness: Lubricating oil must
be clean. It should not contain

dust and dirt particles as well as
water content which promote
corrosion.
Types of Lubricant - Physical

Liquid
Solid
Semi solid
Gases
Types of Lubricant - Physical

Liquid
Typical lubricants are liquid/fluids
Mineral oil or synthetic oils
Solid
Graphite, MoS2
Semi solid
Greases
Gases
Atomised 2 stroke oils
Typical lubricants - Application

Engine oils
Gear Oils
Turbine Oils
Hydraulic Oils
Metal working oils
Cutting oils
Forming Oils
Rust preventives
Typical lubricants - Application

Heat Transfer Oils
Heat Treatment Oils
Quenching Oils
Tempering Oils
Refrigeration Oils
Rubber Process Oils
Ink process Oils
Lubricant - Components
Base Oils
Mineral by-products of crude oil refining
process.
Base oils are polymerized or
synthesized further and called synthetic
Additives
Natural
Synthetic
Lab Tests - for lubricants
Kinematic viscosity
Viscosity index
Pour Point
Flash Point
Total Base Number
(TBN)
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ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
ASTM
D
D
D
D
D
D
445
2250
97
92 (COC)
93 (PMCC)
664
What are additives

Lubricant additives
classified on their functional capability
Enhance existing property
Suppress undesirable property
Impart new property
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What are additives

What they do in Engine Oils
Protect metal surfaces
-
(rings, bearings, gears, etc.)
Extend the range of lubricant

applicability
Extend lubricant life
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Surface Protective additives

Anti wear and EP Agent
Corrosion & Rust inhibitor
Detergent
Dispersant
Friction modifier
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- Automotive Lubricants
Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Anti wear & EP Agent

Reduce friction & wear.
Prevent scoring & seizure
ZDDP, Organic Phosphates, acid
phosphates, organic sulfur and
chlorine compounds etc.
Chemical reaction with metal surface
and forms a film.
Prevents metal-to-metal contact
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Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Corrosion and Rust Inhibitor

Prevent corrosion and rusting of the
metallic parts in contact with lubricant
ZDDP, Metal phenolates, Basic Metal
sulphonates, fatty acid & Amines.
Preferential adsorbtion of polar
constituent on metal surface.
Provide protective film
Neutralize corrosive acids
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Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Detergents
Keep surface free of deposits
Metallo organic compounds of Sodium,
Calcium and Magnesium phenolates
Phosphonates and sulphonates
Chemical reaction with sludge and
varnish percursors to neutralize them
and keep them soluble
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Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Dispersant
Keep insoluble contaminants dispersed
in the lubricant
Alkylsuccinimides, alkylsuccinic esters
and mannich reaction products
Contaminants are bonded by polar
attraction to dispersant molecules.
Prevented from agglomerating
Kept in suspension due to solubility of
dispersant
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Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Friction modifier
Alters coefficient of friction
Organic fatty acids and amides.
Lard Oil, high molecular weight
organic phosphorus.
Phosphoric acid esters
Preferential adsorbtion of surface
active materials
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Performance additives
Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Pour Point Depressant

Enable lubricant to flow at lo
temperature
Alkylated naphthalene
Phenolic polymers, Ploymethacrylates
Maleate/fumerate copolymer esters
Modify wax crystal formation to reduce
interlocking
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Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Seal swell Agent

Swell elastomeric seals, gaskets
Organic phosphates
Aromatic hydro carbons
Chemical reaction with with elastomer
to cause slight swell.
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Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Viscosity modifier
Reduce the rate of viscosity change
with temperature
Polymers and copolymers of olefins,
methacrylates, dienes
Alkylated styrenes.
Polymers expand with increasing
temperatures
This counteract oil thinning
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Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Antifoamant
Prevent lubricant from forming a
persistent foam
Silicone polymers
Organic copolymers
Reduce Surface tension to speed
collapse of foam
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Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Antioxidant
Retard oxidative decomposition
ZDDP,
Hindered phenols, Aromatic Amines,
sulfurized phenols
Decompose peroxides
Terminates free-radical reactions
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Additive type
Purpose
Typical
compounds
Function
Metal deactivator
Reduce catalytic effect of metals on
oxidation rate
Organic complexes containing nitrogen
or sulfur
Amines, sulphides and Phosphates
Forms inactive film on metal surfaces
by complexing with metallic ions
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Lubricant - Specifications
Crankcase oils - SAE numbers

Crankcase oils - Performance levels
Crankcase oils OEM Specifications
Viscosity classification
Grease specification
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Major specifying
organizations
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
(USA)
API - American Petroleum Institute
US Military Specs US - MIL 2104 CCMC European Specification
ISO International Standard Organization
ISO 3348
NLGI National Lubricating Grease Institute
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SAE viscosity grades for

engine oils
Designated
With corresponding viscosity
For high temperature application
Warmer areas/regions
SAE 20
SAE 30
SAE 40
SAE 10
SAE 50
SAE 60
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engine oils
Designated
With corresponding viscosity
For low temperature application
Colder areas/regions
SAE 0 W
SAE 5 W
SAE 10 W
SAE 15 W
SAE 20 W
SAE 25 W
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Mono grades - Engine Oils
Mono grades are designated
with single SAE number
SAE 10, 20, 30, 40, 50

SAE 5W,10W, 15W,20W,25W
Can be used either in summer season or in
winter seasons.
Gradual shift to multi grades.
Shift also due to lower oil consumption by
multi grades
Available as Engine oil and Gear Oils
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Multi grades - Engine Oils
Multi grades are designated
with two SAE number
Widely in use today
SAE 10w/30, 15w/30, 25w/50
SAE 5W/30, 20W/40
Suitable for use in winter and summer
months or seasons
Available in Engine oils & Gear oil
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SAE Crankcase Oil - Viscosity

classification Winter Service
SAE
Viscosity
Grade
Low temp viscosities

High temp viscosities
Max. Temp for Vis. at 100C,
Engine cranking
High shear
(cP) 150C
Max. cPs at Temp pumping viscosity cSt
of 60,000 cP(C)
(C)
Min
Max & 106 S-
Min
Winter Service
6200@ -35
0W
-40
3.8
5W
6200@ -30
-35
3.8
10W
7000@ -25
-30
4.1
15W
7000@ -20
-25
5.6
20W
9500@ -15
-20
5.6
25W
13000@ -10
-15
9.3
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--
SAE Crankcase Oil - Viscosity

classification Summer Service
SAE
Viscosity
Grade
Low temp viscosities

High temp viscosities
Max. Temp for Vis. at 100C, cSt
Engine
High shear
pumping
(cP) 150C &
cranking Max.
Min
Max 106 S- Min
viscosity of
cPs at Temp
60,000 cP(C)
(C)
Summer Service
20
--
5.6
<9.3
2.6
30
--
9.3
<12.5
2.9
40
--
12.5
<16.3
3.5
40
--
12.5
<16.3
3.7
50
--
16.3
<21.9
3.7
60
--
21.9
<26.1
3.7
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API Automotive Gasoline Engine

Service Categories SA, SB,
Category
SA
Related Ind
Definitions
Straight Min None
Engine Test Requirements
SB
Inhibited only CRC L-4
Sequence IIA
Sequence IIIA
SC
1964 Models
CRC L-38
Sequence IV
Sequence IIA
Sequence V
Sequence IIIA
Fuel -1% S
SD
1968 Models
CRC L-38
Sequence IIB
Sequence IV
Sequence VB
Caterpillar L-1 Caterpillar IH
Sequence IIIB
Falcon Rust
SE
1972 Models
CRC-L-38
Sequence IIB
Sequence IIID Sequence VC
Sequence IIIC
Sequence VD
SF
1980 Models
CRC-L-38
Sequence IID
Sequence IIIE Sequence VD
Sequence IIID
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API Automotive Gasoline Engine

Service Categories SA, SB,
Category
SG
SH
Related Ind
Definitions
1989 Models CRC-L-38
Sequence IID
Sequence IIIE
Sequence VE Caterpillar IH2
1994 Models
CRC-L-38
Sequence VE
Sequence IID
Sequence IIIE
Category SA, SB, SC, SD, SE,SF,SG,SH have been declared as obsolete.
SJ
1997 Models
CRC-L-38
Sequence VE
Sequence IID
SL
2001 Models
Sequence IIIF Sequence IVA

Sequence VIII
Sequence VG
SM
2004 Models
Sequence IIIG Sequence IVA

Sequence VIII
Sequence VG
Sequence IIIE
Category SJ, SL, SM, are currently valid.

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API Automotive Diesel Engine

Service Categories CA, CB,
Category
CA
CB
CC
CD
CD-II
Related
US Mil spec
MIL-L-2104A

CRC L-38
MIL-L-2104A
CRC
Supplement 1
MIL-L-2104B
CRC
MIL-L-46152B
MIL-L-2104C/D/E, CRC
MIL-L-45199B,
Series 3
MIL-L-2104D/E
CRC
2 stroke Hvy Dty
Caterpillar L-1
Fuel 0.4% S
L-38
Caterpillar L-1
Fuel 0.4% S
L-38
Sequence IID
Caterpillar IH2
L-38
Caterpillar I G2
L-38
Caterpillar 1 G2 Detroit Diesel

6V53T
Caterpillar 1 G2 Cummins NTC 400
Mack T-7
CE
None
CRC L-38
Mack T-6
CF
None
CRC L-38
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Caterpillar 1M-PC
API Automotive Diesel Engine

Service Categories CA, CB,
Category
CF-2
Related Ind
Spec
None
CRC L-38 Detroit Diesel 6V92TA Caterpillar 1M-PC
CF-4
None
CRC L-38 Cummins NTC-400

Mack T-7
CRC L-38 Sequence IIIE
Mack T-8 RFWT
Mack T8E Sequence IIIE
RFWT
Mach T-9
Caterpillar 1K
CG-4
None
CH-4
None
CI-4
None
RFWT
EOAT
Cummins M11 EGR

Mack T-8E, T-10
Caterpillar 1R, 1K
Sequence IIIF
CI-4Plus
None
RFWT
EOAT
Cummins M11 EGR

Caterpillar 1R, 1K
Mack T-8E, T-10,T-11 Sequence IIIF
Caterpillar 1N
Caterpillar 1P, 1K
Cummins M 11
CA to CE obsolete; CF onwards are currently valid

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ISO 3448 Kin Vis - CSt 40C

vs SUS 100F (40C)
Midpoint
Minimum
VG 2
2.2
1.98
2.42
VG 3
3.2
2.88
3.52
VG 5
4.6
4.14
5.06
VG 7
6.8
6.12
7.48
VG 10
10
11
60
VG 15
15
13.5
16.5
75
VG 22
22
19.8
24.2
105
VG 32
32
28.8
35.2
150
VG 46
46
41.4
50.6
215
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Maximum
SUS 100F
ISO 3448 Kin Vis - CSt 40C

versus SUS 100F (40C)
Midpoint
Minimum
Maximum
SUS 100F
68
61.2
74.8
315
VG 100
100
90
110
465
VG 150
150
135
165
700
VG 220
220
198
242
1000
VG 320
320
288
352
1500
VG 460
460
414
506
2150
VG 680
680
612
748
3150
VG 1000
1000
900
1100
4650
VG 1500
1500
1350
1650
7000
VG 68
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National Lubricating Grease

Institute - NLGI Numbers
NLGI Grade Number
ASTM worked penetration 77F

(25C)
000
445
475
00
400
430
355
385
310
340
265
295
220
250
175
205
130
160
85
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115
Thank you
Hussam Adeni

Basic of Lubricants Lubrication

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Basic of Lubricants Lubrication

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The Basics of

Lubricants and lubrication

relative motion between two surfaces

Engine Lubrication Principles

Two main methods

completely separates two surfaces that have

Type of lubrication system

Wet sump lubrication system:

oil pan or sump from which the

Splash lubricating system

Splash and pressure lubricating system

Pressure lubricating system

Lubrication in piston rings and bearings

Lubrication produces the following

Reducing frictional effect:

Cleaning effect: Lubrication keeps the engine clean by

inversely proportional to temp. -If temp.

Oiliness: It is the property of a

lubricating oil to spread & attach itself

Cloud Point: It is the temp. at which the

lubricating oil changes its state from

Oxidation stability: It is resistance

to oxidation. Due to oxidation the

Cleanliness: Lubricating oil must

be clean. It should not contain

Types of Lubricant - Physical

Types of Lubricant - Physical

Typical lubricants - Application

Typical lubricants - Application

Lab Tests - for lubricants

What are additives

What are additives

(rings, bearings, gears, etc.)

Extend the range of lubricant

Surface Protective additives

Surface Protective additives

Anti wear & EP Agent

Surface Protective additives

Corrosion and Rust Inhibitor

Surface Protective additives

Surface Protective additives

Surface Protective additives

Pour Point Depressant

Seal swell Agent

Crankcase oils - SAE numbers

SAE viscosity grades for

SAE viscosity grades for

SAE viscosity grades for

SAE 10, 20, 30, 40, 50

SAE viscosity grades for

SAE Crankcase Oil - Viscosity

Low temp viscosities

SAE Crankcase Oil - Viscosity

Low temp viscosities

API Automotive Gasoline Engine

Engine Test Requirements

Inhibited only CRC L-4

API Automotive Gasoline Engine

Sequence IIIF Sequence IVA

Sequence IIIG Sequence IVA

Category SJ, SL, SM, are currently valid.

API Automotive Diesel Engine

Engine Test Requirements

Caterpillar 1 G2 Detroit Diesel