GEOMECHANICAL

BY :
CATUR RIZKILLAH CANCERIO : 3715100002
HANIF GHAZIRU FUADY

: 3715100004

MATERIAL
1. Overview, Introduction
2. Classification Parameters
3. Fundamental Geomechanical Properties and Processes
4. Correlation Between Static and Dynamic Moduli
5. Application

OVERVIEW
Geomechanical rock properties are a specific group of petrophysical
parameters, directly measured in rock mechanics laboratories or by
specific field tests. But they are also more or less strongly correlated to
other petrophysical parameters (e.g., velocities of elastic waves) and
therefore an indirect derivation from geophysical measurements is the
subject of research and application.
Rock deformation and failure or strength behavior are fundamental
problems in geomechanics. Stress distribution and rock properties control
the corresponding processes. A discussion of some fundamental topics is
given in a special section, Geomechanics, of The Leading Edge (Sayers
and Schutjens, 2007). Petroleum-related rock mechanics is presented in a
textbook by Fjaer

GEOMECHANICAL PROBLEMS
deformation and failure processes originated by tectonic stress,
earthquakes etc.
landslides and rockfall;
deformation of the underground (settlement) and subsurface
constructions (tunnel, cavern) caused by the pressure of construction in
civil engineering;
slope and dam stability (failure problems);
wellbore stability and fracturing;
reservoir compaction during production and subsidence

CLASSIFICATION PARAMETERS
Hoek (2010) gives a detailed description of methods and criteria of rock
mass classification. A frequently used parameter is the rock quality
designation (RQD) index,developed by Deere et al. (1967)The RQD index
is defined as the ratio of core that has competent core sticks 10 cm (or .4
in.)

 Sjogren et al. (1979) presented a rock classification in connection with

measured compressional wave velocities at unweathered igneous and
metamorphic rocks. Figure 7.2 shows as scales:
the RQD index,
the number of cracks per meter,
the mean compact core length in m,
the compressional wave velocity,
the dynamic Youngs modulus.

FUNDAMENTAL GEOMECHANICAL
PROPERTIES AND PROCESSES
Stress as the force acting on a given area can have normal and shear
components. Normal stress acts perpendicular to a plane, shear stress
acts along the face of the plane.
In the simplest case, the vertical (total) stress component is given by the
weight of the overburden:

where g is the earth gravity acceleration, z is the depth, (z) is the

density at depth z.

 The horizontal stress component is

where is Poissons ratio.

 In porous rocks, the presence of a total stress tensor total,ij and a pore
pressure pore leads to the concept of effective pressure

is the BiotWillis effective stress parameter (see Section 6.5.4; Sayers

and Schutjes, 2007).ij is the Kronecker delta.

 Deformation and failure behavior are described by different parameters and

criteria based on the principal effective stress components 11,22,33.

Figure 7.4 shows a cylindrical sample with equal horizontal stress

components 11 = 22 = H but different vertical stress component 33 =
V.

 For the description of the deformation process, the stress path K is

frequently used. It is defined as the ratio of change in effective minimum
horizontal stress to the change in effective vertical (overburden) stress:

gives some fundamental insights into the mechanical properties and

stressstrain curves. The curves show deformation in axial and radial
directions of a cylindrical rock

DEFORMATION PROPERTIES
Deformation properties are derived from a static compression test.
Youngs modulus is defined as ratio of an axial stress and the resulting
axial strain:

The stress-strain diagram in most cases shows a nonlinear shape.

Therefore, in general, the modulus is stress-dependent and defined as:

 In engineering applications, Youngs modulus (modulus of elasticity) is

often derived from the linear portion of the stressstrain curve. Poissons
ratio is defined as the relative change of the radius divided by the relative
change of axial length in stress direction:

AVERAGE AND THE RANGE FOR STATIC YOUNGS MODULUS AND

POISSONS RATIO FOR COMMON ROCK TYPES (AFTER TABLES FROM
JOHNSON AND DEGRAFF, 1989).

CORRELATION BETWEEN STATIC AND DYNAMIC

MODULI
The two types of investigation, static rock mechanical tests and dynamic
seismic or ultrasonic measurements, deliver mechanical moduli, which
are frequently called static (Estat) and dynamic (Edyn) moduli,
respectively. The modulus is independent on the duration of stress
application only for an ideal elastic materialand there is no difference in
the moduli from a long-term static and an extremely short-term
dynamic test. For rocks in general we find Edyn>Estat

 Both moduli decrease with increasing crack porosity, but the static
modulus Estat shows a stronger decrease than the dynamic modulus
Edyn (A).
Therefore, the ratio Edyn/Estat increases with increasing crack porosity
(B).
Relatively compact (slightly fractured) rocks have high moduli and low
ratio Edyn/Estat (near 1), but fractured rocks have low moduli and high
ratio Edyn/Estat >1(C).

 The correlation between the ratio of dynamically and statically

determined moduli and pressure was studied by Cheng and Johnston
(1981) for various rock types (Navajo and Berea sandstone, Westerly
granite, Ammonia Tanks tuff). In this case, the bulk compressional moduli
have been compared. With increasing pressure

 The differences between dynamic and static moduli are extreme for
unconsolidated rocks, mainly as a result of the deformability of the rock
skeleton and the low static moduli. Gorjainov and Ljachowickij (1979)
have determined the dynamic and static Youngs modulus from shallow
seismic

APPLICATION
S

The example shows the following:

Geophysical logs (and seismic measurements) can be used at first for
adetailed rock quality classification. As a result, typical zones can
bedefined (particularly zones with probably low rock quality).
Logs also allow the detection of a change of rock composition (mineral
composition),
Based on these results, selected core investigations and laboratory tests
for direct rock property measurements (uniaxial strength test, triaxial
test, etc.) are recommended in order to deliver a representative model for
geomechanical calculations.