ASSIGNMENT

OF
CURRICULUM

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Curriculum
Curriculum

construction

Curriculum design

Curriculum

development

Foundation

of curriculum

Curriculum

implementation

CURRICULUM

DERIVATION OF THE TERM CURRICULUM

The

word curriculum orginates from

the latin word currere which means
to run.It now connotes to run by
the school for reaching its goal.
Historically , curriculum has come to
mean
classified
selections
of
accumulated knowledge of academic
subjects or discipline.
In Arabic it means MINHAJ.

DEFINATIONS OF
CURRICULUM:
According

to Smith, Stanely, &

Shores:
Curriculum includes all the activities
organized by the school inside or
outside the classroom.
According

to Casewell & cambell:

curriculum is the sum of those

experiences which the student have
under the guidence of teachers.

CURRICULUM
CONSTRUCTION

DEFINATION:

curriculum construction refers to a part of

that process in which decesions are actually
made about the elements of the curriculum
design.

This term has traditionally been used to

cover all the process involved in curriculum
making.

PRINCIPLES OF
CURRICULUM
CONSTRUCTION

PRINCIPLES OF CURRICULUM
CONSTRUCTION:Principle of totatility of experience.
Principle of child centerness.
Principle of creativity.
Principle of conservation and creativity.
Principle of integration.
Principle of flexibility.
Principle of utility.

CURRICULUM DESIGN

DEFINITIONS:

Taba (1962) states:

curriculum design is a statement which

identifies the elements of a curriculum states
what their relationships are to each other , and
indicates the principles of organization and the
requirements of that organization for the
administrative conditions under which is to
operate

ELEMENTS REFERRED IN TABAS

QUOTATION:Objective
Content
Learning experiences
Teaching strategies
Evaluation

Curriculumdesignis an
aspect of the education
profession which focuses on
developing curricula for
students.

NEED OF CURRICULUM
DESIGN:

David
Jenkins
and
Marten
D,shipman(1981) have very rightly
observed: If the teacher is the
guide,the curriculum is the path. A good
curriculum marks the points of
significance so that the students does
not wander aimlessly over the
terrain,dependent solely on chance to
discover the landmarks of human
achievement.

NEED OF CURRICULUM
DESIGN:

David
Jenkins
and
Marten
D,shipman(1981) have very rightly
observed: If the teacher is the
guide,the curriculum is the path. A good
curriculum marks the points of
significance so that the students does
not wander aimlessly over the
terrain,dependent solely on chance to
discover the landmarks of human
achievement.

CURRICULUM
DEVELOPMENT

DEFINITIONS:
Curriculum

development is a
It is defined as the process of selecting,
specialized
task
which requires
organizing, executing,
and evaluating
learning and interests
of learners about
systematic
thinking
the
experiences on the basis of the needs,
objectives
tonature
be achieved,
learning
abilities, and the
of the society or
experiences
to be provided,
community
evaluation of changes brought out
by the curricular activities.

STEPS OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT:

Assessment

of educational needs

It is defined as the process of selecting,

organizing,
executing,
and evaluating
Formulation
of objectives
learning and interests of learners
experiences on the basis of the needs,
abilities,
and
theorganization
nature of the society
or
Selection
and
of content
community
Selection

and organization of learning

experiences

Evaluation

FOUNDATIONS OF
CURRICULUM

The most commonly accepted

It is defined as the process of selecting,
foundations
ofand
curriculum
organizing,
executing,
evaluating
learning
and interests of learners
include:
experiences on the basis of the needs,
abilities, and the nature of the society or

1.community
Philosophical
2. Psychological
3. Sociological

PHILOSOPHICAL
FOUNDATIONS OF
CURRICULUM

The word Philosophy is made up of two

Greek words philo and sophos.philo
means love and sophosmeans wisdom.
Philosophy then, is love of wisdom.
Philosophy gives direction to curriculum in
terms of its goals and objectives.

The schools underlying beliefs and values

have impact on curriculum content and
choice
of
appropriate
instructional
strategies and learning activities in
implementing the curriculum.

Some philosphical beliefs that undergird

the curricula of schools are as follows:

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATION:Philosophy provides educators,

teachers, and curriculum makers with
framework for planning, implementing,
and evaluating curriculum in schools. It
helps in answering what schools are for,
what subjects are important, how
students should learn and what
materials and methods should be used.
In decision making, philosophy provides
the starting point and will be used for
the succeeding decision making.

Basic Philosophical
System

Idealism (Plato)

Fundamental Idea(s)
Importance of mind
and spirit and of
developing them in
the learner
Reality is in the ideas
independent of sense
and experience

Realism (Aristotle)

Truth can be
tested/proven
Knowledge is derived
from sense
experience

Pragmatism (Dewey,
Rousseau, W. James)

The world is a world

of change;
man can know
anything within his
experience
Belief in learning by
doing

Curricular Implications
Subject matter/Content focused
on believing that this is essential
to mental and oral development

Curriculum is a subject-centered,
organized from simple to complex
and stressing to mastery of facts
and devt of process and objective
skills and focused to Science and
Math.

Provisions for direct

experiences
Activity /learnercentered
Basis- problems of
democratic society

Basic Philosophical Systems

Fundamental Idea(s)

Curricular Implications

Perennialism

Human beings are rational

and their existence remain
the same throughout
differing environments

Subject matter consists of

perennial basic education
of rational men: history,
language, math, logic
science, arts .

Existentialism

Reality is a matter of
individual existence.
Focus on conscious
awareness of choice.

curriculum stresses
activity.
recognition of individual
differences
opportunities for making
choice

Essentialism

There are certain ideas

that men should know for
social stability

Curriculum focused on
assimilation of prescribed
basic subject matter
3Rs,
history, science math

Reconstructionism

Schools are the chief

means for building new
social order

Curriculum shd include

subjects that deal with
social and cultural crises

SOCIOLOGICAL
FOUNDATION OF
CURRICULUM

Schools exist within the social context.

In considering the social foundations of
curriculum, we must recognize that
schools are the only one of the many
institutions that educate society. The
home, the family, community likewise
educate the people in the society. But
schools are formal institutions that
address more complex and interrelated
societies and the world.

2. The societal changes/forces affect the school,

and hence, the curriculum; these forces
include:
a. Cultural tradition
b. Textbooks
c. Laws
d. Moral values
e. Research, multi-cultural concerns, poverty and
technology
May be a basis for curricular changes/improvement,
upon which curriculum should be based.

3. The school influences society through its

traditional, but important purpose, which is the

development among learners of the following:
a. Citizenship : - teaching of cultural heritage
- desire to protect and improve society
- development of desirable values

b. Intellectualism:- essential to having an

- improved/developed

- national economy
c. Vocational Preparation:- developing group oriented
- problem solving
- abstraction skills among
learners

Psychological Foundations of Curriculum

Psychology provides a basis for the
teaching and learning process.
1. Behaviorist Psychology
a. connectionism Edward Thorndike
(which influenced Tyler and Taba,
the well known curricularists)
b. classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov
c. operant conditioning B. F. Skinner
d. modeling and observation theory
(Bandura)

d. hierarchical learning Robert

Gagne
To the behaviorists, learning
should
be organized in order that students
can
experience success in the process of
mastering the subject matter.

2. Cognitive Psychology
a. cognitive development stages Jean
Piaget
b. social constructivism Lev Vgotsky
c. multiple intelligences Howard
Gardner
d. learning styles Felder and
Silverman
e. emotional intelligences Daniel
Goleman

To the
learning

cognitive

theorists,

- constitutes a logical method for

organizing and interpreting
learning
- it is rooted in the tradition of
subject
matter and is similar to the
cognitive development theory

3. Humanistic Psychology
Humanist psychologist are concerned
with how learners can
develop their human potential.
a. Gestalt theory
b. theory of human needs and for
self actualizing persons - Maslow
c. Carl Rogers non directive lives

CURRICULUM
IMPLEMENTATION

CURRICULUM IMPLEMENTATION
DEFINATION:It is the process of putting the
curriculum design into practice in the
classroom.
It means quite literally implementing the
curriculum, which has been produced
through the processes of curriculum
development and curriculum
construction.

REFRENCES: Wikipedia
Ask.com
Curriculum

planning and instruction book

by By Dr M.Rashid.
Curriculum planning by B.N.DASH.
Curriculum:An introduction,London open
books by jenkin,D and shipman,M(1976)