Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Concrete
Buildings
Bridges
Pavements
Concrete block buildings
Other Uses of
Cementitious Materials
Mortar for masonry
Grout (protection, leveling,
bonding, ...)
Shotcrete
Cement board
Soil Stabilization
Railroad ties, countertops, moldings...
Calcined gypsum
History of Cement
2000 B.C.: Egyptians
used cement in mortar
when making Pyramids
27 B.C.: Roman
cement made of lime
and volcanic ash
1756: Smeaton rebuilt
Eddystone Lighthouse
1824: Joseph Aspdin
discovered and
patented Portland
cement
Isle of Portland
Quarry Stone
next to a
Cylinder of
Modern
Concrete
Cement is a Manufactured
Material
Go Animation
Portland Cement
Production
5/8 CaO Limestone or
calcareous rock
1/5 SiO2 Clay or argillaceous
rock
1/10 Al2O3
Clay or Ore
1/20
Fe2O3
Clay or Ore
1/20
CaSO4*2H2O Gypsum
Cement Clinker
Shorthand Chemistry
C = CaO
H = H 2O
S = SiO2
S = SO3
A = Al2O3
F = Fe2O3
tetracalcium aluminoferrite
Clinker Micrographs
Finish Grinding
Interground with
~5% Gypsum
95% material
must pass #325
Sieve
Hydration of Portland
Cement
C3SH4 Calcium Silicate Hydrate
CH
Calcium Hydroxide
Hydration of Portland
Cement
C6AS3H32 Ettringite
C4ASH12 Monosulfate
unstable in SO4-2
From C6AS3H32 +C3A
C3(A,F)H6 Hydrogarnets
Portland Cement
Properties
Hydraulic
Fineness
Setting Time
Controlled
False Set
Flash Set
Portland Cement
Properties
Soundness
C3 S & C 3 A
LOI
SO3
C3 S
Tri Calcium Silicate
3CaO.SiO2 -Alite
C2 S
Dicalcium Silicate
2CaO.SiO2 -Belite
Provides late strength development
30% reacts by 28 days
Present at 20-40%
Under-burning can result in
C2S contents in cement
higher
C3 A
Tricalcium
Aluminate
3CaO.Al2O3 -Aluminate
Provides heat generated in hydration
(10 to 15 F per 100 lb. cement)
High C3A not as resistant to sulfate
attack
Little contribution to strength
C4AF Tetracalcium
Aluminoferrite
4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 -Ferrite
Governs the color of the cement
Present at 1-10%
Iron facilitates formation of other
compounds-acts as a flux
Little contribution to strength
Hydration
C3S and C2S = ~ 75% of the weight of
Portland Cement
React with Water to form two new
compounds:
Calcium Hydroxide
Calcium Silicate Hydrate (CSH)
Hydration:
CH
CH + H2O Ca++ + OH-
Supplementary Cementing
Materials
DEFINITION: Powdered or pulverized
materials added before or during
mixing to improve or change some of
the plastic or hardened properties of
concrete.
Cementitious
Pozzolan
s
Nominally Inert
Cementitious
Materials
Possess hydraulic cementing
properties
GGBF slag (by-product of steel
industry)
Natural cement- Cement Rock
Hydraulic hydrated lime
Pozzolans
Possess no cemetitious value until
finely divided and mixed with
water and cement
Cherts, clays, shales
Fly ash (by-product of coal)
Silica fume (silicon manufacture)
Fly Ash
Class F (low calcium) - from burning
anthracite or bituminous coal, is
pozzolanic
Class C - from burning sub-bituminous
or lignite coal, is somewhat
cementitious
GGBFS (Slag)
Formed when
molten iron blast
furnace slag is
rapidly chilled
(quenched) by
immersion in H2O
Grades 80, 100,
120
Used as a cement
replacement
Silica Fume
Also known as
micro-silica
By-product of the
production of silicon
and ferrosilicon
alloys.
A small part of silica
fume can be used to
replace a large part
of cement
Portland
Cement
Silica
Fume
Types of Cement
(ASTM C150 or AASHTO M85)
Type I
Type II
Sulfate*
Type III
Type IV
Type V
Normal*
Moderate Heat and
High-Early Strength*
Low Heat of Hydration
High Sulfate Resistance
Performance Cements
(ASTM C1157)
Water
Municipal
Well
Heated
Steam
Chilled
Ice
Recycled
Questionable Water
Water < 2000 ppm of total dissolved
solids is satisfactory for making
concrete.
Water > 2000 ppm of dissolved solids
should be tested for its effects on
strength and time of set.
ASTM
test
method
_________________________________________
7-day compressive strength,
compared to control
specimens
90%
C-109
_________________________________________
ASTM test
method
_________________________________
Time of set,
minus 60 min.
deviation from
to
191
control specimens plus 90 min.
________________________________
C-
w/cm ratio
CM W
CementitiousMaterial
Fc', MPa
WWater
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
350
kg
300
kg
250
kg
Water in Concrete
Increased water:
reduced strength
increased shrinkage and creep
increases permeability
reduced abrasion resistance
reduced Freeze-Thaw resistance
Influence of Aggregates
STRENGTH
Aggregate shape
Aggregate size
Aggregate texture
Influence of Aggregates
DURABILITY
Weathering
Impurities
Concrete Materials
Aggregate is the second most
influential ingredient in concrete.
Aggregate
Aggregates in Concrete
Fine: Sand or Crushed Stone (< 5mm)
Coarse: Gravel or Crushed Stone (550 mm)
Aggregate must be washed in many
areas
DECREASING FM
INCREASING
FM
PROPERTY
(FINE SAND)
(COARSE
SAND)
Water Requirements
MORE
Water-Cement Ratio
HIGHER
Strength
LOWER
Finishability
EASY
LESS
LOWER
HIGHER
DIFFICULT
Congestion
Shrinkage
Mass Concrete
Concrete Construction
Significance of aggregate grading
Compressive Strength
Strength
variations
variations
variations
variations
in
in
in
in
materials
mixing times and methods
transportation time and methods
the preparation of test cylinders
Strength (7 day)
I > 19.3 MPa (2800 psi)
II > 17.2 MPa (2500 psi)
III > 24.1 MPa (3500 psi @ 3 days)
Slump
Kelly Ball
Penetration
Flow Cone
Quality Concrete
A mixture of CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS,
WATER, and AGGREGATES that will meet the
requirements under which it is expected to
serve.
Concrete - Workability
cement: too fine of
material
stickiness
increased water demand
segregation
bleeding
aggregate
harshness
compaction problems
harshness
gradation
stickiness
harshness
Water:
too much water (severe
bleeding), too little water (surface drying)
Air Content
Unit Weight
Concrete - Hardened
Properties
Compressive Strength: Measure of
maximum resistance of a concrete
specimen to a compressive axial
load.
Compressive Strength
Compressive Strength Uses of Concrete
41 MPa
17-24 MPa
> 55 MPa
Prestressed Concrete
> 90 MPa
Concrete - Hardened
Properties
Strength Gain
Concrete Strength
Tensile Strength: tensile strength
can be estimated by
7.5 fc'
10% of compressive strength
Concrete - Hardened
Properties
Flexural Strength: Measure of
cracking strength.
Concrete - Durability
Shrinkage: decrease in volume of
concrete due to loss of water from pore
and capillary structure
Concrete - Durability
Freeze-Thaw Resistance is the property of
concrete to sustain its strength and surface
properties under repeated F-T cycles.
Concrete - Durability
Sulfate Resistance is the concretes
susceptibility to chemical attack
from external sulfate ions.
Concrete - Durability
Scaling Resistance is the concretes
susceptibility to deterioration from
surface chemicals or environments.
Concrete - Durability
Abrasion Resistance
Assignment
Write 1-2 page paper on concrete
related topic with 2 references (one
general, one technical)
e.g. special material considerations for
pumped concrete, concrete sewer pipe,
precast colored wall panels, lightweight
concrete for crash barriers, concrete
design considerations for containment
vessels........
Admixtures
DEFINITION:
Admixtures are any ingredients in concrete
other than:
Water
Aggregates
Cementitious Materials
Fiber Reinforcement
Added to the batch
resistance
inhibit corrosion of embedded metals
reduce plastic shrinkage cracking
reduce long term drying shrinkage
produce colored concrete
produce cellular concrete
Current Admixture
Standards
Air Entraining
ASTM C 260 in
(M 154)
(AASHTO
Designations
Chemical ASTM C 494 (M 194)
parentheses)
Air Entrainment
DEFINITION: Air-Entraining Agents are primarily
used to stabilize tiny bubbles generated in concrete
to protect against freezing and thawing cycles.
Chemical
Admixtures
Dispersing Agents
Water Reducers,
Superplasticizers
Accelerators
Retarders
A - Water-reducing admixtures
B - Retarding admixtures
C - Accelerating admixtures
D - Water-reducing and retarding
E - Water-reducing and accelerating
F - High range water reducing
G - HRWR and retarding
Water Reducers
DEFINITION: Water Reducers are used for the
purpose of reducing the quantity of mixing water
required to produce a concrete of given consistency.
Accelerators
DEFINITION: Accelerating admixtures are added
to concrete for the purpose of shortening set time
and accelerating early strength development.
Retarders
DEFINITION: Retarding, and Waterreducing and retarding admixtures are
used to offset acceleration and unwanted
effects of high temperature and keep
concrete workable during placement and
consolidation.
Shrinkage Reducing
Admixtures
DEFINITION: Shrinkage Reducing Admixtures
are used to minimize drying shrinkage
cracking in concrete .
Corrosion Inhibitors
DEFINITION: Corrosion Inhibitors are used
to mitigate corrosion of reinforcing steel in
concrete.
ASR Inhibitors
DEFINITION: ASR Inhibitors (primarily
Lithium) are used to mitigate alkalisilica reactivity in concrete.
Specialty Admixtures
Coloring Admixtures
Workability Agents
Bonding Admixtures
Damp-proofing
Admixtures
PermeabilityReducing
Grouting
Gas-forming
Anti-Washout
Foaming
Pumping Aids
The Effectiveness of an
Admixture
Depends on:
Type & Brand
Amount of
Cement
Water Content
Temperature
Aggregate Shape
Proportions
Mixing Time
Consistency of
the Mix
Sequencing
Architect
Contractor
Concrete Supplier
Define strength,
congestion and
durability properties
Defines color,
texture,
Defines workability,
setting time, ..
Defines aggregates,
cement, fly ash,
admixtures....
Conflicts defined
Trial Solution
determined
Engineer Accepts
Mixture Proportions
trial batching
trial batching
trial batching
3 foundations,
footings and slabs
4 beams, columns
& reinforced walls
2 mass concrete
3 Pavements
(add 1 for nonvibrated concrete)
Local Availability
Large Aggregate
reduces water demand
max size of aggregate
Step 5: Estimate
w/cm ratio
PCA Tables 7-1,2,3
Portland Cement
Types I-V
Generally type I or II
Pozzolans
Fly Ash
Blast Furnace Slag
Silica Fume
* Decrease PC
demand
Water Content
CM Content
w / cm
Air entraining
agent
water reducer
accelerator
retarder
other
Determine
Adjust mix design
Repeat as necessary