A SUMMER INDUSTRIAL TRAINING SEMINAR

ON
SIGNALLING & TELECOMMUNICATION
TAKEN AT
INDIAN RAILWAY (NWR)

SUBMITTED TO:
Mr. J.P. AGARWAL
Mr. MANISH JAIN
ECE DEPT.

SUBMITTED BY:
DEEPESH AGARWAL
(13EJGEC011)

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN RAILWAY

RAILWAY SIGNALLING
AXLE COUNTER
OPTICAL FIBRE
MICROWAVE COMMUNICATION
PUBLIC RESERVATION SYSTEM
INTERNET AND RAILNET
CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN
RAILWAY

Indian Railway is a department owned and controlled

by the Govt.of India,via the Ministry of Railways.
Indian railway is divided into zones which are further
divided into divisions.
Jaipur is the zonal headquarter of the North Western
Railway zone
The formal inauguration ceremony of IR
was performed on 16th April 1853 with the
first passenger train steamed out of
Howrah station destined for Hooghly, a
distance of 36 km .

Principles of train working

and need for signaling
All over the world Railway transportation is
increasingly used, as this mode of transport is
more energy efficient and environmentally
friendly than road transportation.
Trains move on steel rail tracks and wheels of
the railway vehicle are also flanged Steel
wheels. Hence least friction occurs at the point
of contact between the track & wheels.
Therefore trains carry more loads resulting in
higher traffic capacity since trains move on
specific tracks called rails, their path is to be
fully guided and there is no arrangement of
steering

MICROWAVE PROPAGATION
The microwave propagation takes place through space
waves
in troposphere, which is within 10 km on earth level, so
attenuation is very large but due to directivity of
antenna and high receiver sensitivity the system is very
satisfactory.
MW antenna is directive due to parabolic reflector so
maximum radio power is concentrated in one direction,
it is a line of sight communication. Thus low power MW
signal can also travel a long distance path.
Due to directive antenna the signal is not spread, so
interference of other communication system is very
negligible.
At MW frequency, there is no atmospheric or man-made
noise. The only noise is thermal noise .

Railway Signaling
Signal: Signal is a medium to convey a
particular predetermined meaning in non-verbal
form
Trains uses signaling to control movement of trains on
tracks and divides tracks into several sections which
are protected by the signals.

Axle counter
The axle counter is used for determining, whether the tracked sections of the
rails are free or are still occupied by a train. Solution is provided by counting the
number of axles that has entered the monitored sector of the track and then
counting the axles that has left this sector of rails.
If the number of axles that has entered the tracked sector is the same as the
number of axles that has left the sector, then the sector is free and next train
is allowed to enter this sector of the track.
If the sector is occupied, next awaiting trains must be stopped otherwise there is
impending danger of crash. Besides signaling of free or occupied sector of
the track, the axle counter can be used for alert devices on rail crossings or
junctions

Cont.
Rail sector 1

Rail sector 2

Figure 1: Example of monitored sectors of the rail

track

.
Structure
o It is an electronic device consisting of :o A set of Track inductors that counts in the number of
axles passing over them. (Fitted at the entrance of
length of track)
o A set of Track inductors that counts out the number of
axles passing over them. (Fitted at the exit of the
length of track)
o An evaluator that evaluates counts in and counts out
o It shows clear the line if counts in = counts out
o It shows occupied if the 2 counts are different

Advantage of axle counter

Can cover a very long section of 15 kms.

Not susceptible to flooding of tracks or poor
maintenance of tracks.
Does not require insulating joints, thus rails
can be continuously welded.
Reduces track maintenance cost.
Lowers wear and tear of tracks.
Increases travelling comforts.

Optical fiber
EVOLUTION:
Simple telephone wires formed the basis of communication in the
earliest era of Indian Railways.
Two stations were connected via telephone lines but the
communication was subjected to the problem of limited channels.

NEW CONCEPT:
Optical fiber cables were capable of carrying large number of
channels.
Under this system, many complex and sophisticated
instruments exist.
Optical fiber is delicate and requires a correct and fix
approach as a mistake of 0.01% can fail the whole system.

Fiber Optic Layers

Consists of three concentric sections

plastic jacket

glass or plastic
cladding

fiber core

Optical fiber communication

Modes in fiber
connector

Optical fiber

Demand in Indian railway

Mainly 6*4 OFCS are used in Railways.
6*4 means that there are 6 groups, each containing 4 optical
fibers so that there is total of 24 optical fibers in each cable.
Maintenance:
To prevent the malfunctioning of fiber - a)Isopropyl solution
b)Isopropane solution
are used to remove the dust from the tip.

Microwave communication
The international telecommunications system relies on
microwave and satellite links for long-distance international
calls.
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves whose frequencies
range from 300 MHz to 300 GHz.
There are large number of bands in microwave region
Before the advent of fiber optics, these microwaves formed
the heart of the long distance telephone transmission
system.
In its simplest form, the microwave link can be called as
one hop.
A single hop is typically 30 to 60 km in relatively flat regions
for frequencies in the 2 to 8 GHz band.

Block Diagram Of Microwave

Center

Application of Microwave in
Indian Railways Controlling of trains.
To give correct running and stopping
information of the trains.
It help the railway staff for the
purpose of communication.
Stations on average of 40 km can
communicate with each other by
microwave.

Public Reservation System

Computerized passenger reservation system is the
most useful facility, which enhances the image of Indian
railways in public.
Initially it was installed in Delhi by Criss and for western and
central railways a common super computer is installed
CSTN and the trains of both railways are programmed on
this computer.
When more than one terminal is required at a place then
another 8 terminal modem Mux called CODEC is used.
In PRS there is only one set of computer in which all the
information regarding the main coaches, reservation fare,
status are available.

Public Reservation System (PRS)

Modulation :- Process of superimposing original signal on
carrier signal is c/a modulation.
Multiplexing :- Converting multi input signal into one output
signal is known as multiplexing.
MODEM :- It is the combination of modulator and demodulator.
Actually multiplexer is also a device which itself does
multiplexing and demultiplexing.
PCM :- Pulse code modulation. It is the process of transferring
the digital data through the fiber. The analog data is first
converted into digital data. (sampling, Filtering, Quantization).

Internet and Railnet

In early days the office work in railway was done on the
paper, like information to department or any other instruction
for the employee was given only in the way on the paper.
The network used in railway are:
1)Railnet
2)FOIS : Freight operation information system
Indian railways have decided to setup their own Corporate
Wide Information system called Railnet to provide computer
connectivity between Zonal railways, production units

.
Composition of Railnet :
Intranet is an internal network of Indian railway allowing the
railway officer and staff to communicate on this digitzed
network.
Intranet allows users to get into a global communication and
global pool of knowledge, advertisement and entertainment
through www ( World Wide Web) in a secured manner. It is
operated by railway board.
The main server is attached to all station and exchanges with
help of interface protocol & MUX.
The railway department has taken 2 MB stream of BSNL.

Conclusion

I have gained the knowledge of the

microwave communication of railway,
Railnet, internet and use and
application of an axle counter.
I also captured the knowledge about
the controlling of typical railway
network proceed between many
junction station.