UNIT-4 DRILLING AND BORING MACHINE

Types

of drilling machines
Drilling machine parts
Work holding devices in drilling
Tool holding devices in drilling
Twist drill geometry
Operations performed on drilling machine
Boring machine and its types
Parts of boring machine
Tools and operations in boring machine

DRILLING MACHINE

The hole is generated by the rotating edge of a cutting tool known

as drill which exerts large force on the work clamped on the table.

As the machine tool exerts vertical pressure to originate a hole it is

also called a drill press.

Types of drilling machines:

1)Portable/Hand drilling machines:

The hand drill is a portable drilling device which is mostly held in

hand and used at the locations where holes have to be drilled.

The small and reasonably light hand drills are run by a high speed
electric motor.

2)Sensitive drill machine:

These are small capacity (0.5 kW) upright (vertical)single spindle

drilling machines are mounted (bolted) on rigid table and manually
operated.

using usually small size (10 mm) drills.

Sensitive drill machine

3)Upright drilling machine:

Pillar/Round column drilling machine:
These drilling machines, usually called pillar drills, are quite similar
to the sensitive drilling machines but of little larger size and higher
capacity
(0.55 ~ 1.1 kW) and are mounted on the floor (foundation). Here
also, the drill-feed and the work table movement are done manually.
These low cost drilling machines have tall tubular columns and are
generally used for small jobs and light drilling.
Box column drilling machine:
These box shaped column type drilling machines are much more
strong, rigid and powerful than the pillar drills.
In column drills the feed gear box enables automatic and power
feed of the rotating drill at different feed rates as desired.
Blanks of various size and shape are rigidly clamped on the bed or
table or in the vice fitted on that.
Such drilling machines are most widely used and over wide range (
light to heavy) work.

Pillar drilling machine

4)Radial drilling machine:

This is usually large drilling machine possesses a radial arm which

along with the drilling head can swing and move vertically up and
down.

The radial, vertical and swing movement of the drilling head

enables locating the drill spindle at any point within a very large
space required by large and odd shaped jobs.

There are some more versatile radial drilling machines where the
drill spindle can be additionally swivelled and / or tilted, known as
universal drilling machine.

5)Gang drilling machine:

In this almost single purpose and more productive machine a

number of spindles (2 to 6) with drills (of same or different size) in
a row are made to produce number of holes progressively or
simultaneously through the jig.

Radial drilling machine

6)Multispindle drilling machine:

In these high production machine tools a large number of drills work

simultaneously on a blank through a jig specially made for the
particular job.

The entire drilling head works repeatedly using the same jig for batch
or lot production of a particular job.

The rotation of the drills are derived from the main spindle and the
central gear through a number of planetary gears in mesh with the
central gear) and the corresponding flexible shafts.

In some heavy duty multispindle drilling machines, the work-table is

raised to give feed motion instead of moving the heavy drilling head.

7)Deep hole drilling machine:

Very deep holes of L/D ratio 6 to even 30, required for rifle barrels,
long spindles, oil holes in shafts, bearings, connecting rods etc, are
very difficult to make for slenderness of the drills and difficulties in
cutting fluid application and chip removal.

Such drilling cannot be done in ordinary drilling machines. It needs

machines like deep hole drilling machine such as gun drilling machines
with horizontal axis.

Deep hole drilling machines are available with both hard automation
and CNC system.

WORK HOLDING DEVICES IN DRILLING

Angle vise
Angular adjustment on base to allow operator to drill holes at an
angle without tilting table
Drill vise
Used to hold round, square or odd-shaped rectangular, pieces
Bolt vise to table for stab

a) Plain vice

b) Swivelling vice

c) Universal vice

V-blocks
Made of cast iron or hardened steel
Used in pairs to support round work for drilling
Angle plate
L-shaped piece of cast iron or hardened steel machined to
accurate 90
May be bolted or clamped to table
Variety of sizes are available
Drill jigs
Used in production for drilling holes in large number of identical
parts
Eliminate need for laying out a hole location
Goose neck clamp
The clamp is used for holding work of sufficient height
Smaller size of T bolts and packing pieces can clamp the work
securely due to the typical shape of the clamp

Workpiece mounted in drill jig

Goose neck clamp

Clamps or straps
Used to fasten work to drill table or an angle plate for drilling
Usually supported at end by step block and bolted to table by Tbolt that fits into table T-slot
Types of clamps are
Straight clamp, U clamp, Finger clamp and gooseneck clamps

Finger clamp

U-clamp

Straight clamp

Step blocks
Used to provide support for outer end of strap clamps
Various sizes of steps are available to hold different size jobs.

Step block

TOOL HOLDING DEVICES IN DRILLING MACHINE

Drill press spindle provides means of holding and driving cutting

tool
End may be tapered or threaded for mounting drill chuck
Most common
Drill chucks
Drill sleeves
Drill sockets

Drill chucks:
Drill chucks are especially used for holding smaller size drills.
It can hold different sizes of tool shank within a range.
Drill chucks have tapered shank which is fitted into the spindle.
Most common devices used for holding straight-shank cutting tools
Most contain three jaws that move simultaneously when outer
sleeve turned
Hold straight shank of cutting tool securely
Two common types
Key
Keyless

Three jaw self centring chuck:

These are used to hold straight shank tools.

Three slots are cut into the chuck body which
houses three jaws having threads cut at back to
mesh with ring nut.

The ring nut is attached to the sleeve and bevel

teeth are cut all round the sleeve body.
The sleeve may be rotated by rotating a key
with bevel teeth meshes with the teeth on the
sleeve.
The rotation of the sleeve causes the ring nut to
rotate in a fixed position and the jaws open or
close by same amount.

Drill Sleeves
Used to adapt cutting tool shank to machine spindle if taper on
tool is smaller than tapered hole in spindle.
Drill Socket
Used when hole in spindle of drill press too small for taper shank
of drill.
Used also as extension sockets.

Drill sleeve

Drill socket

TWIST DRILL GEOMETRY

Three Main Parts

of a Drill

Point

Body

Shank

Shank
Straight-shank

drills

Held in drill chuck

Up to in.
in diameter

Tapered-shank drills
Fit into internal taper of drill press spindle
Tang provided on end to prevent drill from
slipping

Body
Portion of drill between shank and point
Consists of number of parts for cutting
Flutes

Two or more helical grooves cut around body of

drill
Form cutting edges, admit cutting fluid, allow
chips to escape hole

Body

Clearance

Undercut portion of body between margin and

flutes

Body, cont.
Margin

Narrow, raised section on body of drill

Next to flutes and extends entire length of flutes
Provides full size to drill body and cutting edges
Web

Thin partition in center

of drill, extends full length of flutes
Forms chisel edge at cutting end of drill

Point

Lip Clearance

Is

the relief ground on point of drill

extending from cutting lips back to the heel

Drill Point Characteristics

The use of various point angles and lip
clearances, in conjunction with thinning
of the drill web, will allow:
Control size, quality and straightness of
drilled hole
2. Control size, shape and formation of chip
3. Control chip flow up flutes
1.

4.

Increase strength of drill's cutting edges

5.

Reduce rate of wear at cutting edges

6.

Reduce amount of drilling pressure

required

7.

Control amount of burr produced

8.

Reduce amount of heat generated

9.

Permit use of various speeds and feeds for

more efficient drilling

Conventional Point (118)

Most

commonly used drill point

Gives satisfactory results for most generalpurpose drilling
Lip clearance of 8 to 12 for best results
Too much weakens cutting
edge and causes drill to chip
Too little results in use of
heavy drilling pressure

Long Angle Point (60 to 90)

Used

on low helix drills for drilling of

nonferrous metals, soft cast irons, plastics,
fibers, and wood
Lip clearance generally from 12 to 15
Flat may be ground on face
of lips to prevent drill
from drawing itself into
the soft material

Flat Angle Point (135 to 150)

Used

to drill hard and tough materials

Lip clearance on flat angle point drills only
6 to 8 to provide as much support as
possible for cutting edges
Shorter cutting edge tends
to reduce friction and
heat during drilling

OPERATIONS ON DRILLING MACHINE

Drilling
Operation of producing hole by removing metal from solid mass
using twist drill.
Countersinking
Operation of producing tapered or cone-shaped enlargement
to end of hole.

Drilling

Countersinking

Reaming
Operation of sizing and producing smooth, round hole from
previously drilled or bored hole.
Boring
Truing and enlarging hole by means of single-point cutting tool.

Reaming

Boring

Tapping
Cutting internal threads in hole with cutting tool called tap.
Counter boring
Enlarging top of previously drilled hole to given depth to
provide square shoulder for head of bolt or capscrew.

Tapping

Counter boring

Spot Facing

Smoothing and squaring surface around hole to provide seat for

head of cap screw or nut
Boring bar fitted with
double-edged cutting
tool
Pilot section on end
to fit into existing hole

Spot Facing

BORING MACHINE

One of the most versatile machine tools; used to bore holes in large
and heavy parts as engine frames, machine housings etc which are
practically impossible to hold and rotate in an engine lathe or in a
drilling machine.

Along with attachments screw cutting, turning, grinding or gear

cutting can also be performed.

TYPES OF BORING MACHINE

1.

Horizontal boring machine:

The work is supported on a table which is stationary and tool revolves

in a horizontal axis.

Can perform boring, reaming, turning, threading, facing, milling ,

grooving and many other operations with suitable tools.

Work piece which are heavier and asymmetrical can be easily held and
machined.

Different types has been designed to suit the different purpose.

2.

Vertical Boring Machine:

The work rotates on a horizontal table about a vertical axis and the
tool is stationary except for feed.

Machine may look like a vertical lathe.

Larger diameter and heavy work pieces, can be set up more quickly
than in lathe.

Multiple tooling may be adapted with its turret type tool post,
increasing the rate of production.

Horizontal boring machine

Vertical boring machine

A Vertical boring machine for large heavy works

Jig boring machine:

Jig boring machine is a precision boring machine, resembles to

vertical milling machine in construction.

These are used for production of jigs, fixtures, tools and other
precision parts which require high degree of accuracy.

Accurate positioning of holes is achieved in this machine.

It uses a single point cutting tools to machine surfaces rapidly and

accurately.

Cemented carbide and diamond tipped tools are operated at a very

high cutting speed to produce accurately sized holes with fine
surface.

There are two types of jig boring machines

1)

Vertical milling machine type

2)

Planer type

Jig boring machine

OPERATIONS PERFORMED ON VERTICAL BORING

MACHINE
Machining flat surface:
The ram and the cross rail is locked at the desired position and
the saddle is fed crosswise while the work revolves on the table.
Depth of cut is given by ram.
Turning cylindrical surface:
The saddle is clamped to prevent any horizontal movement of the
ram and the ram is fed downwards as shown in figure.

Boring by tool head & Boring bar :

Larger diameter holes are bored by feeding the tool head directly
within the work and the smaller diameter holes are bored by using
a boring bar attached to the tool head.

Cutting off, necking and forming:

Cutting off, necking and forming operations are performed by cross
feed movement of the saddle as shown in figure.

Taper boring and taper turning:

Conical or taper surfaces are turned by swivelling the tool head to
the required angle.
When a conical surface having a large included angle which is
beyond the range of the swivelling arrangement of the tool head is
turned, a combined cross and down feed is applied simultaneously
on the tool to cut the required taper.