INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY

Presented By :
KUMAR KARTIKEY
12EJAME048

OVERVIEW

This presentation deals with the

description , applications and the
advancements related to the field of
INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY.

CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Introduction
Why irt is needed?
What makes thermography useful
History and development
Working
I.
Infrared radiation
II. Characteristics
III. Various laws applicable
IV. Thermographic devices
V. Working process
VI. Characteristics and types
VII. Examples
Advantages of irt
Limitations of irt
Applications and examples
Conclusion
References

INTRODUCTION

Infrared thermography is the science of

acquisition and analysis of thermal information
by using non contact thermal imaging devices.
Infrared thermography uses special cameras
that can detect radiation in the infrared range
of the electromagnetic spectrum and produce
an image of that radiation.
Infrared thermography is the only diagnostic
technology that can instantly visualize and
verify thermal performance.

WHY IRT IS NEEDED?

Infrared thermography has become a standard

predictive maintenance practice to check
electrical circuitry for loose connections.
The technology is now being used to scan
pumps, steam traps, steam lines, refrigeration
systems, manufacturing processes,
manufacturing facilities, and HVAC systems.
The technology can provide instant feedback
on unsafe or wasteful conditions.
This technology is used for night vision
purposes.

WHAT MAKES THERMOGRAPHY

USEFUL
1.It is non-contact uses remote sensing
-Keeps the user out of danger
-Does not intrude upon or affect the target at all
2.It is two dimensional
-Comparison between areas of the target is possible
-The image allows for excellent overview of the target
-Thermal patterns can be visualised for analysis
3.It is real time
-Enables very fast scanning of stationary targets
-Enables capture of fast moving targets
-Enables capture of fast changing thermal patterns.

HISTORY AND
DEVELOPMENT

1960s-development of cooled forward looking infrared(flir)

1970s-US army develops uncooled irt technology module.
1980s-Industries first commercial IR camera introduced.
1990s-Succesful demonstration of 256,512 pixel cameras
and introduction of nightsight and surveillance cameras.
2000s-Inroduction of 1st automotive thermal imaging
driving aid by cadillac and 1st development of IR camera
with zoom.
FUTURE PLANS

Infrared vision for everyday life.

Making the technology cheaper.
Resolution of display to be increased.
Increasing accuracy and longevity.

WORKING

Infrared radiation
Characteristics
Various laws applicable
Thermographic devices
Working process
Characteristics and types
Examples

INFRARED RADIATION

In an electromagnetic spectrum the IR

region appears between 0.8 micron to 1000
micron wavelength.
It includes most of thethermal
radiationemitted by objects near room
temperature.

Fig 1,electromagnetic spectrum(12)

CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED
1. It

is invisible since its wavelength is longer than

visible light.It has nothing to do with brightness
or darkness of visible light
2. It is emitted naturally from any object of which
temperature is absolute zero(0K) or
higher.Therefore, it can be applied to any field
3. It is a kind of light (electromagnetic wave).It can
be transmitted through vacuum.
4. There is a correlation between infrared energy
and temperature of an object.Therefore, it can be
used to measure the temperature of an object.

VARIOUS LAWS APPLICABLE

PLANCKS LAW:
o It describes the spectral distribution of the radiation
intensity from a blackbody
Eb = C1/5(eC2/T 1)
WIENS DISPLACEMENT LAW:
It describes the variation of maximum wavelength with
temperature.

max = 2898/T

Fig 2,weins displacement curve(1)

STEFANBOLTZMANN LAW:
o Gives the variation of intensity with temperature.
Eb = T4

EMISSIVITY:
o It is the ratio of the radiation intensity of a body
and a black body under exactly same conditions.
= E/Eb

THERMOGRAPHIC DEVICES

A thermal imaging camera consists of five components:

o optic system
o detector
o amplifier
o signal processing
o display

Fig 3,IR Camera(5)

WORKING PROCESS

A special lens focuses the infrared light emitted by all of the

objects in view.
The focused light is scanned by aphased arrayof infrareddetector elements. The detector elements create a very
detailed temperature pattern called athermogram
The thermogram created by the detector elements is
translated into electric impulses.
The impulses are sent to a signal-processing unit that
translates the information from the elements into data for
the display.
Appears as various colours depending on the intensity of
the infrared emission. The combination of all the impulses
from all of the elements creates the image.

Fig 4,Working Process of an IRT device (12)

CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPES

Scan rate of 30 times per second(generally)

Can sense temperatures ranging from -4 degrees
Fahrenheit (-20 degrees Celsius) to 3,600 F (2,000 C)
Can normally detect changes in temperature of about 0.4 F
(0.2 C).
They are generally of two types:
UNCOOLED TYPE The infrared-detector elements are contained in a unit that operates at room
temperature.
Is completely quiet, activates immediately and has the battery built right in.

o CRYOGENICALLY COOLEDo More expensive and more susceptible to damage from rugged use
o Have the elements sealed inside a container that cools them to below 32 F
(zero C).
o Incredible resolution and sensitivity that result from cooling the elements

EXAMPLES
FLIR i60

FLIR T250

Fig 5,various IR
cameras(5)

ADVANTAGES OF IRT

It is a non-contact type technique.

Fast, reliable & accurate output.
A large surface area can be scanned in no time.
It is capable of catching moving targets in real time
Presented in visual & digital form.
Software back-up for image processing and analysis.
Requires very little skill for monitoring.
It can be used to detect objects in dark areas.
It is able to find deteriorating, i.e., higher temperature
components prior to their failure.
It can be used to measure or observe in areas inaccessible or
hazardous for other methods

LIMITATIONS OF IRT

Cost of instrument is relatively high.

Unable to detect the inside temperature if the medium is
separated by glass/polythenematerial etc.
Accurate temperature measurements are hindered by
differing emissivities and reflections from other surfaces
Most cameras have 2% accuracy or worse in
measurement of temperature and are not as accurate as
contact methods
Condition of work, depending of the case, can be drastic:
10C of difference between internal/external, 10km/h of
wind maximum, no direct sun, no recent rain, ...

APPLICATIONS
Condition monitoring
Medical imaging
Veterinary Thermal Imaging
Night vision
Surveillance
Research
Process control
Non-destructive testing
Surveillance in security, law enforcement and defence
Chemical imaging
Volcanology
Buildings

EXAMPLES

Fig 6,Hot connection in

substation(8)

EXAMPLES

Fig 7,Building moisture in

roof(14)

EXAMPLES

Fig 8, Worn refractory insulation causing

hotspot(5)

EXAMPLES

Fig 9, Furnace tubes & Burners(14)

EXAMPLES

Fig 10,pressure vessel - Flange Leakage(5)

EXAMPLES

Fig 11,Design Verification shows need of redesign before

production starts(14)

EXAMPLES

Fig 12,MedicalInfrared Imaging of legs of human and animals(15)

EXAMPLES

Fig 13,levelsIndicating the fluid level in storage

tank(2)

EXAMPLES

Fig 14,Ship diesel engine running improperly(14)

EXAMPLES

Fig 15,Electric motor bearing(14)

EXAMPLES

Fig 16,Field watering condition and Forest fire

detection (14)

EXAMPLES

Fig 16,Moisture in aircraft surface(14)

CONCLUSION
Infrared inspections provide a means to
view systems (electrical, mechanical,
building envelopes) under normal operating
conditions to identify abnormally hot (or
cool) areas or components.
Its various profitable characteristics justify
the importance of INFRARED
THERMOGRAPHY in the field of science and
technology.

REFERENCES
1.

Kaplan, Herbert : ASNT Level III Study Guide on Infrared & Thermal Testing Method

2.

2. Garnaik,S.P. : Thermography-A Condition Monitoring Tool for Process Industries, Seminar on Condition Monitoring & Safety
Engineering for Process Industries, February 14-15,2000, Calcutta, India

3.

Study Reports of Technology Management Division of National Productivity Council(NPC), India

4.

Campbell, Kevin. Plant Engineering. 7 April 2007. 6 November 2008 <http://www.plantengineering.com/article/CA6431534.html>.

5.

FLIR Systems. 18 April 2008. 6 November 2008 <http://www.goinfrared.com/news/news_item/1126/>.

6.

Stockton, Gregory R. Stockton Infrared Thermographic Services. 10 June 2000. 6 November 2008
<http://www.stocktoninfrared.com/PUBLISHED/PDF/low-hang.pdf>.
Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermography>.

7.
8.

LEHTINIEMI, R., Bibliography of the Application of Infrared Thermography, in Thermosense XXI, Dennis H. LeMieux, John R. Snell, Jr.,
Eds., Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 3700, 2006 pp. 202-208.

9.

BURLEIGH, D. D., Bibliography of the Application of Infrared Thermography toE lectronic and Microelectronic Circuits , in
Thermosense X, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. ,1988, pp. 97-100.
10.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_imaging_camera

11.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_camera

12.

http://www.infrared.avio.co.jp/en/products/ir-thermo/what-thermo.html

13.

http://www.morovision.com/how_thermal_imaging_works.htm

14.

Eng, Khalid El Tahir Abdel Basit National Electricity Corporation, Sudan -Implementation of Infrared Thermography in Power
Utilities,2007

15.

S.P.Garnaik :Infrared Thermography : A versatile Technology for Condition Monitoring and Energy Conservation ,2007,Alin Constantin
Murariu, Aurel - Valentin Brdeanu, Radu Cojocaru,Voicu Ionel Safta, Dorin Dehelean, Lia Boil and Cristian Ciuc National R&D
Institute of Welding and Materials Testing ISIM Timioara Romania Application of Thermography in Materials Science and
Engineering 2009

ANY QUESTIONS??

THANK YOU
JASIM ASHRAF
jasimasaraf786@gmail.com