UNIT-II

DC MACHINES

CONSTRUCTION

PARTS OF DC MACHINE
Major parts of the machine are,
Magnetic frame or Yoke
Poles, interpoles, windings, pole shoes
Armature
Commutator
Brushes, Bearings and shaft.

CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW OF DC

MACHINE

MAGNETIC FRAME
It serves two purposes
protecting cover to the whole
machine and mechanical support to
the poles
Allow the flux to pass through
Materials used
For small machine cast iron
For large machine cast steel

FIELD POLES

FIELD POLES

To minimize the eddy current losses, the poles are lamina

INTERPOLES
The interpoles are located at the
geometric neutral points midway between
the main poles and provide reversing
magnetic field of proper strength and
polarity.
The interpole must have sufficient strength
to overcome the armature reaction and
provide a reversing field, therefore, it is
connected in series with the armature
winding.

ARMATURE

ARMATURE

LOSSES OCCUR IN ARMATURE

Hysteresis losses
To reduce losses low hysteresis steel
with few percent of silicon is used in
armature.
Eddy current losses
To minimize the losses, the armature
core is laminated.(stampings : 0.4mm
0.5mm thick)

BRUSHES AND
COMMUTATORS

COMMUTATOR
The commutator converts the
alternating emf into unidirectional or
direct emf.
The armature coil leads are soldered
to each commutator segment by a
riser.

BRUSHES
Made up of carbon or graphite,
collects the current from the
commutator and convey it to the
external load resistance.

BEARINGS

END BELLS

END BELLS

CUTAWAY VIEW

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, when a

conductor moves in a magnetic field (thereby cutting the magnetic flux
lines), a dynamically induced emf is produced in the conductor. The
magnitude of generated emf can be given by emf equation of DC
generator. If a closed path is provided to the moving conductor then
generated emf causes a current to flow in the circuit.

One of the main functions of commutator is to convert generated AC em

into DC.

As you can see in the above image, direction of generated emf will
change across every conductor when it rotates (see the direction acros
conductor conductor ABCD
in case 1 and case 2 in above image). It can be understood from the
image, comparing both cases, that even though the generated emf
across the conductors is AC
the output of a DC generator is converted to DC with the help of
commutator.
The output voltage waveform of a DC generator is as shown below.

UNIDIRECTIONAL OUTPUT

INDUCED EMF EQUATION

Induced emf Eg = ZN/ 60 *(P/A)
For lap winging,
A=P,
Eg = ZN/ 60
For wave winding,
A=2, Eg = ZN/ 60 *(P/2)

Field Excitations of DC
generators
Type of DC Motors
Separately Excited generator
Self Excited generator
-- Permanent magnet generator
-- Shunt excited generator
-- Series excited generator
-- Compound excited generator

Separately excited DC
generator
Field winding is excited by separate DC
supply

Separately excited DC
generator
Field winding is excited by separate
DC supply
Armature current Ia = load current IL
Terminal voltage V = Eg Ia Ra
Vbrush
Vbrush is drop across brush, low
value, so neglected.
Generated emf Eg = V + Ia Ra +
Vbrush

Self excited DC generator

Generator field winding is supplied from
the armature of the generator itself.
Excitation occurs due to presence of
residual flux in the poles.
Process: armature cut the residual flux,
small emf will induced, this produces small
field current in the field winding. Then flux
per pole increases. Then by cumulative
process, generator produces its rated
voltage.

Series DC generator
Field winding is connected in series
with the armature.

Ia = Ise = IL
Eg = V + Ia Ra + Ia Rse + Vbrush
V = Eg - Ia Ra - Ia Rse Vbrush
Vbrush neglected (low value)

Shunt DC generator
Field winding is connected across the
armature.
Eg = V + Ia Ra
V = Eg Ia Ra
Ish = V /Rsh
Ia = IL + Ish

Compound DC generator
It consists of both shunt and series
field winding.
One winding in series (Rse) and other
winding is in parallel (Rsh) with the
armature.
Two types
long shunt compound generator
short shunt compound generator

Long shunt compound

generator
Shunt field winding is connected across both
series field and armature winding

Ise = Ia = IL + Ish
Ish = V / Rsh
Eg = V + Ia (Ra + Rse) + Vbrush
V = Eg - Ia (Ra + Rse) Vbrush
Vbrush neglected (low value)

Short shunt compound

generator
Shunt field winding is connected in parallel
with the armature and this combination is
series to series field winding
Ise = IL
Ia = Ise + Ish
Ish = V / Rsh
Eg = V + Ia Ra + Ise Rse + Vbrush
V = Eg - Ia Ra - Ise Rse Vbrush
Vbrush neglected (low value)

Short shunt compound

generator
Voltage across shunt field winding = Ish Rsh
Ish Rsh = Eg Ia Ra Vbrush
Substitute Eg value in the above equation
Ish Rsh = V + Ise Rse
Shunt field current Ish = (V + Ise Rse)/ Rsh
Power developed in armature = Eg Ia
Power delivered to load = V IL
(power formula is same for all types of DC
generator )

Characteristic of self excited

DC generator

Types of characteristics

1. open circuit characteristics (occ) or

magnetisation characteristics (Eg vs
If)
2. Internal characteristics or total
characteristics (E vs Ia)
3. External characteristics or voltage
regulated characteristics (V vs IL)

DC series generator
Ia = Ise =IL
Curve 1 : OC characteristics
Curve 2 : Internal characteristics
(drop due to armature reaction)
Curve 3 : External characteristics
(drop due to armature resistance
&
series field
resistance)
Increase in IL, decreases the terminal
voltage V

DC shunt generator
OCC
Due to residual magnetism, field
current is not zero initially.
Due to this voltage, field current
increases and emf also increases.

DC shunt generator
Critical resistance (Rc)
A tangent line is drawn linear to
occ from origin.
Slope Rc = OM / ON;
(Eg / If)
Conditions to build excitation
Presence of residual magnetism
Shunt field coil should be properly
connected to armature terminals
Shunt field resistance is less than Rc

DC shunt generator
Ia = Ish + IL
Curve 1 : Ideal DC characteristics (IL , V =
const )
(Eg = V)
Curve 2 : Internal characteristics
(drop due to armature reaction)
Curve 3 : External characteristics
(drop due to armature resistance)
Increase in IL, decreases the terminal
voltage V

V = E Ia Ra

Compound generator
It consists of series field and shunt field
winding.
Curve 1 : Flat compound (Eg = V)
Flux drop in shunt field is compensated by
flux rise in series field
Curve 2 : over compound (V > Eg)
Series field excitation is more than shunt
field
Curve 3 : under compound (V < Eg)
Series field excitation is less than shunt field

DC MOTOR

Principle of operation
Construction of DC machines are
same.
Principle:
whenever a current carrying
conductor is placed in a magnetic
field, it experiences a force tending
to move it

Principle of operation
Magnitude of force experienced by
the conductor in a motor F = B I l
Newtons
where,
B = field density Wb/ m2
I = current in amperes
l = length of the conductor
in metres.

Principle of operation
Direction of motion is given by
Flemings left hand rule
Thumb direction of motion of
conductor
Fore finger direction of field
Middle finger direction of current
Three fingers are mutually
perpendicular to each other

Back EMF
Due to generator action take place,
emf induced i.e even when the
machine is working as a motor,
voltages are induced.
Back emf cause rotation which in
turn opposes the supply voltage.
(Lenzs law)
Back emf = ZN / 60 (P / A) volts
Eb K N
Voltage of the dc motor V = Eb + Ia

Torque equation
Magnitude of torque developed by
each conductor T = B I l r Nm
Total torque developed by the
armature
( Z conductors) Ta = B I l
r Z Nm
I = Ia / a
; B=/A
; A=
2rl / P
Ta = Z Ia P / 2 a Nm
Ta = K Ia ; K = ZP / 2 a - constant

Characteristic of self excited

DC motor

Three characteristics
Speed armature current
characteristics
Torque armature current
characteristics
(electrical characteristics)
Speed torque characteristics
(mechanical characteristics)

Shunt motor characteristics

N Vs Ia
N = k (V Ia Ra) /
Ish and are nearly constant
Speed nearly constant except Ia Ra
drop.

T Vs Ia
T Ia ( = constant)
T ; Ia

N Vs T
Ia ; N ; T

Series motor characteristics

N Vs Ia
N = k (V Ia Ra) / ; IL = Ia = Ise
Ia
Ia ; N (series motor is started with some
load)

T Vs Ia
T Ia ; T Ia2
T ; Ia (increases parabolic)

N Vs T
Ia ; N ; T

Compound motor

It is the combination of series and

shunt characteristics.
1. Cumulative series and shunt field
windings are assist each other
2. Differential - series and shunt field
windings are opposing each other

Starters

Necessity of starters :
Amount of line current can be
controlled at the time of starting

Types of starters:
1. Two point starter
2. Three point starter
3. Four point starter

Speed control of DC shunt

motor

Three methods of speed control

1. By varying the resistance in the

armature circuit (Rheostatic control)
2. By varying the flux (flux control)
3. By varying the applied voltage
(voltage control) (Also ward leonard
method)

Testing of DC machine
Brake test
direct method to find efficiency
Swinburnes test
predetermine the efficiency