Data Communications

ECE345

Prof. Dr. Samy El-Hennawey

MSA University
hennawey@msa.eun.eg

Standards

Required to allow for interoperability between equipment.

Standards in data communication have two categories : De
facto( meaning by fact), De jure( meaning by low ).
Advantages:
Ensures a large market for equipment and software
Allows products from different vendors to communicate
Disadvantages:
Freeze technology
May be multiple standards for the same thing

Standards Organizations

ISO( International Organization for Standardization ).

e.g. OSI 7-Layer Model
ANSI( American National Standards Institute ).
IEEE ( Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers).
e.g. IEEE 802.11 for WiFi
ITU-T( International Telecommunication Union
Telecommunication Standards).
http://www.itu.int
Recommendations: A to Z
IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force
https://www.ietf.org/
RFC: Request For Comment
Last two organizations are now most important

ITU-T Recommendations

What is a Protocol?

A Protocol is a set of rules that govern data

communication.
For two entities to communicate successfully, they
must speak the same language.
What is communicated, how it is communicated, and
when it is communicated must conform.
These conventions are referred to as a protocol.

Key Elements of a Protocol

Syntax
Data formats
Signal levels
Semantics
Control information for coordination( meaning of each
section ).
Error handling
Timing
When data should be send.
How fast they can be sent

The OSI Model

Open Systems Interconnection.

Developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO).

Model for understanding and developing computerto-computer communication.

Developed in the 1980s.
Divides network architecture into seven layers.

OSI cont.

A layer model
Each layer performs a subset of the required
communication functions
Each layer depends on the next lower layer to
perform more primitive functions
Each layer provides services to the next higher layer
Changes in one layer should not require changes in
other layers

OSI layer

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical

OSI layer

Protocol Data Units (PDU)

At each layer, protocols are used to communicate

Control information is added to user data at each layer
For example, the transport layer may fragment user data
Each fragment has a transport header added
Destination
Sequence number
Error detection code

This creates a transport protocol data unit (TPDU)

An exchange using the OSI model

The OSI Environment

Physical Layer

Layer 1.
Responsible of:

Transmitting individual bits from one to the next.

Physical characteristics of interface and media.
Representation of bits: a stream of bit(0s,1s),
Data rate.
Synchronize of bits

Physical Layer cont.

Layer 1
Applicati
on
Presentat
ion
Session
Transpor
t
Network
Data
Link
Physical

Layer-1
Device

Layer-1
Device

no addressing scheme needed

Applicati
on
Presentat
ion
Session
Transpor
t
Network
Data
Link
Physical

Data Link layer

Layer 2.
Responsible of:
Moving frames from one hop (node) to the next.

Framing: divided the stream of bits received from the network layer
manageable data units called frames.

Physical address (MAC address[Media Access Control]).

Flow control.

Error control: added trailer to the end of frame.

Access control.

Hop-to-Hop( node-to-node).

Data Link layer cont.

10110110101

01100010011

10110000001

Hop-to-Hop delivery

Layer 2
Applicati
on
Presentat
ion
Session
Transpor
t
Network
Data
Link
Physical

Applicati
on
Presentat
ion
Session
Transpor
t
Network
Data
Link
Physical

Layer
Layer
-2
-2
Devic
Devic
e
e
layer 2 addressing scheme needed

Network Layer

Layer 3.
The network layer is responsible:

The delivery of individual packets from the original source to the

final destination .

Logical addressing:
if the packet passes the network boundary we need another
addressing system to help (source to destination) connection.

Routing :
route or switch the packet to final destination.

Source-to-destination delivery (End-to-End).

Network Layer cont.

Source-to-Destination delivery

Layer 3
Applicati
on
Presentat
ion
Session
Transpor
t
Network
Data
Link
Physical

Layer
-3
Devic
e

Layer
-3
Devic
e

Applicati
on
Presentat
ion
Session
Transpor
t
Network
Data
Link
Physical

layer 2/3 addressing schemes needed

Transport Layer

Layer 4.
The transport layer is responsible for:

the delivery of a message from one process to another

( Process-to-Process delivery ).

Port addressing : get the message to the correct process on the computer via
port address.

provides virtual end-to-end links between peer processes.

Segmentation and reassembly : a message is divided into transmittable

segments each segment containing a sequence no.

Connection Control: connection oriented or connectionless.

Flow control :

Error control:

Transport Layer cont.

Reliable process-to-process delivery of

a message

Session Layer

Layer 5.
Is the network dialog controller , design to
establish, maintain, and synchronize the
interaction between communicating systems.

Session Layer cont.

Presentation Layer

Layer 6.
Design to the handle the syntax and semantic
of the information exchanged between 2
systems.
And design for data translation, encryption,
decryption, and compression.

Presentation Layer cont.

Application Layer

Layer 7.
The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user.
Mail services:
File transfer and access:
Remote log-in:
Accessing the World Wide Web.
Anything not provided by any of the other layers.

Application Layer cont.

SMTP Telnet

HTTP

SMTP

Telnet

HTTP

Summary

Application

data stream

Presentation

data stream

Session

data stream

Transport

data

Network
Data link

data

Network header

Frame H

Network H

data

data

data

data

From trailer

Physical 1110111 0111 011111101

Segments

packets

Frames

Bits

Assignment

24TCP/IPPROTOCOLSUITE

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly

match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-tonetwork, internet, transport, and application.

TCP/IP and OSI model

Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

25ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing
the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses

Addresses in TCP/IP

Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

SCTP: Stream Control Transmission Protocol

TCP: Transmission Control Protocol
UDP: User Datagram Protocol

Research assignment

Prepare a presentation of one of the

following topics:
Internetworking

Chapter 20

Address

Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

Chapter 21

Internet

Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

Chapter 21

Internet

Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Chapter 21

Reverse

Protocol (IP)

Group Message Protocol (IGMP)

Chapter 22

Example 2.1
In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a
frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes
are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the
figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is
the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is
the receiver.

Figure 2.19 Physical addresses

Example 2.2
As it can be seen in Chapter 13, most local-area
networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as
12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits)
is separated by a colon, as shown below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

Example 2.3
Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two routers
connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or
router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for
each connection. In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and therefore has only one
pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to
three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So
each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each
connection.

Figure 2.20 IP addresses

Example 2.4
Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating
via the Internet. The sending computer is running
three processes at this time with port addresses a, b,
and c. The receiving computer is running two
processes at this time with port addresses j and k.
Process a in the sending computer needs to
communicate with process j in the receiving
computer.

Figure 2.21 Port addresses

Note
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,
but the logical addresses usually remain the same.

Example 2.5
As it can be seen in Chapter 23, a port address is a 16-bit
address represented by one decimal number as shown.

753
A 16-bit port address represented
as one single number.
The physical addresses change from hop to hop,
but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same.