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Climate, Ecological Productivity and Ecological

Energy Flow
Presented By
Joy Prokash
ID:1406046
Reg: 05091
L-2, S-2

Outlines
Climate
Climate classification
Climate record
Climate change
Causes of climate change
The effects of climate change
Ecological Productivity
Ecological Effects of Climate Change
Ecological Energy Flow

Climate
Climateis
the
statistics
ofweather,
usually over a 30-year interval.It is
measured by assessing the patterns of
variation
in
temperature,humidity,atmospheric
pressure,wind,precipitation, atmospheric
particle
count
and
othermeteorologicalvariables in a given
region over long periods of time.
A region's climate is generated by
theclimate system, which has five
components:atmosphere,hydrosphere,cr

Climate
classification
Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic : The simplest
classification is that involving air masses. The Bergeron
classification is the most widely accepted form of air mass
classification.Air mass classification involves three letters.
The first letter describes itsmoistureproperties, the
second letter describes the thermal characteristic of its
source region and the third letter is used to designate the
stability of the atmosphere.
Kppen : The Kppen classification depends on average
monthly values of temperature and precipitation. The
most commonly used form of the Kppen classification
has five primary types labeled A through E. These primary
types are A, tropical; B, dry; C, mild mid-latitude; D, cold
mid-latitude; and E, polar.

Continue
Thornthwaite : Devised by the American
climatologist and geographerC. W.
Thornthwaite, this climate classification
method monitors the soil water budget using
evapotranspiration.It monitors the portion of
total precipitation used to nourish vegetation
over a certain area.

Climate record
Modern: Details of the modern climate
record are known through the taking of
measurements
from
such
weather
instruments as thermometers,barometers,
andanemometersduring
the
past
few
centuries.
Paleoclimatology: Paleoclimatology is the
study of past climate over a great period of
theEarth's history. It uses evidence from ice
sheets, tree rings, sediments, coral, and
rocks to determine the past state of the
climate.

Climate change
Climate change is the variation in
global or regional climates over
time. It reflects changes in the
variability or average state of the
atmosphere over time scales
ranging from decades to millions of
years. These changes can be caused
by processes internal to the Earth,
external forces or more recently,
human activities.

Causes of climate
change
Green house effect: Some gases in the Earth's
atmosphere act a bit like the glass in a
greenhouse, trapping the sun's heat and
stopping it from leaking back into space.
Many of these gases occur naturally, but human
activity is increasing the concentrations of some
of them in the atmosphere, in particular:
carbon dioxide (CO2)
methane
nitrous oxide
fluorinated gases.

Causes for rising emissions:

Burning coal, oil and gasproduces carbon
dioxide and nitrous oxide.
Fertilizers containing nitrogenproduce
nitrous oxide emissions.
Fluorinated gasesproduce a very strong
warming effect, up to 23 000 times greater
than CO2.

The effects of climate

change
Climate change and forests : Most people know
how vital forests are they soak up carbon
dioxide, the main greenhouse gas responsible for
global warming, and help regulate the worlds
climate.
Climate change and water : Climate change is
having serious and unpredictable impacts on the
worlds water systems through more flooding and
droughts.
Climate change and polar regions : Recent
data has shown that Arctic summer sea ice is
melting faster than predicted.
Climate change and wildlife : For endangered

Ecological Productivity
Ecological productivity: In ecology, production (or productivity)
refers to the rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem. It is
usually expressed in units of mass per area per time.
There are two types of ecological productivity:

Primary Production: Primary production describes the

production of chemical energy in organic compounds byproducers
The main source of energy for primary production is sunlight,
but a fraction may be driven by chemosynthesis bylithotrophs.

Secondary Production:

Secondary production describes

by heterotrophic organisms

the generation of biomass

(consumers)
This biomass generation is driven by the transfer of organic
compounds between trophic levels via feeding

Ecological Effects of Climate Change

Effects of Climate Change on Plants and
Animals: Many of the defining characteristics of plants
and animals, including where they live, seasonal
behaviors, potential for coexistence with other species,
and relative risk to disease and extinction, are changing
in response to climatic conditions.

Carbon Dynamics and Ecological

Responses: Climate controls ecosystem processes
such as the flow of energy through organisms and the
physical environment.

Management and Policy Making in the

Context of Climate Change: To inform
conservation and policy-making activities, NCEAS

Ecological Energy Flow

Ecological Energy Flow: Nearly all of theenergythat

drives ecosystems ultimately comes from the sun.Solar energy,
which is an abiotic factor, by the way, enters the ecosystem
through the process ofphotosynthesis. The organisms in an
ecosystem that capture the sunselectromagnetic energyand
convert it intochemical energyare calledproducers. Producers
include all of the green plantsand somebacteriaandalgae. This
is called primary consumers. The relationships
amongproducers,primary consumers,secondary consumers,
andtertiary consumersare usually drawn as apyramid, known
as an energy pyramid, with producers at the bottom and tertiary
consumers at the top.