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UNIT : III

MD ISMAIL : 20
WAHEED UDDING : 22
NAVEED : 21
MAKSOOD : 34
BAZIL : 03

INTRODUCTION:

Foundations are of types like isolated footing,

combined footing, strip footing, raft footing,
pile foundations etc. They are selected based
on structural requirement and soil conditions.
Reinforcement detailing of footing is as much
important as site investigation for the type of
footing and structural design of footing. A good
detailing reflects the design requirement of the
footing for structural stability.

A good detailing of
reinforcement covers topics
like cover to reinforcement
based on environmental
considerations for durability,
minimum reinforcement and
bar diameters, proper
dimensioning of footing etc.
Column Footing
In this type of foundation the
base of the column is
sufficiently enlarged to act as
the individual support.

The widened base not

only provides stability
but is useful in
distributing the load on
sufficient area of the
soil.
Column footings are
usually used in the
foundations of
residences and
buildings where the
soil is hard enough has
has sufficient bearing
capacity.

ISOLATED FOOTINGS:
An isolated footing is
used to support the
load on a single
column. It is usually
either square or
rectangular in plan. It
represents the
simplest, most
economical type and
most widely used
footing.

Whenever possible, square

footings are provided so as
to reduce the bending
moments and shearing
forces at their critical
sections. Isolated footings
are used in case of light
column loads, when
columns are not closely
spaced, and in case of
good homogeneous soil.

Under the effect of upward soil

pressure, the footing bends in
a dish shaped form. An
isolated footing must,
therefore, be provided by two
sets of reinforcement bars
placed on top of the other near
the bottom of the footing. In
case of property line
restrictions, footings may be
designed for eccentric loading
or combined footing is used as
an alternative to isolated
footing.

DETAILED OF ISOLATED FOOTING:

PLAN AND ELEVATION OF ISOLATED FOOTING

RAFT FOOTINGS:
Raft foundation is a thick concrete slab
reinforced with steel which covers the entire
contact area of the structure like a thick floor.

The reinforcing bars

runs normal to each
other in both top and
bottom layers of steel
reinforcement.
Sometimes area
covered by raft may be
greater than the contact
area depending on the
bearing capacity of the
soil underneath.

The reinforcing bars runs normal to each other in

both top and bottom layers of steel reinforcement.
Sometimes inverted main beams and secondary
beams are used to carry column loads that require
thicker foundation slab considering economy of the
structure. Both beams cast monolithically with raft
slab

PILE FOUNDATIONS:
Pile foundation is
required when the soil
bearing capacity is not
sufficient for the
structure to withstand.
This is due to the soil
condition or the order
of bottom layers, type
of loads on
foundations,
conditions at site and
operational conditions.

The purpose of pile foundations is:

I. To transmit the buildings loads to the foundations
and the ground soil layers whether these loads
vertical or inclined
II. To install loose cohesion less soil through
displacement and vibration.
III. To control the settlements; which can be
accompanied by surface foundations.
IV. To increase the factor of safety for heavy loads
buildings

COMBINED FOOTING:
Whenever two or
more columns in a
straight line are
carried on a single
spread footing, it is
called a combined
footing. Isolated
footings for each
column are generally
the economical.

I.

Combined footings are

provided only when it is
absolutely necessary, as
II. When two columns are
close together, causing
overlap of adjacent isolated
footings
III. Where soil bearing capacity
is low, causing overlap of
adjacent isolated footings
IV. Proximity of building line or
existing building or sewer,
adjacent to a building
column.

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