Module 2:

Water Demand & Supply

Muhammad Farhan Arooj

Global Water Distribution

Global water
1360 x 106 km3

Saltish water
97.2%

Glaciers, Icecaps
2.15%

Fresh water
2.8%

Surface water
2.2%

Ground water
0.6%

Streams, lakes,
Reservoirs
0.05%

Economically
Extractable
0.3%

Importance of Water:
80% of all diseases are directly or indirectly related to the use of
contaminated water.
40% of all deaths are directly or indirectly related to the use of
contaminated water.
(Figures for developing countries only)

Water Use Pattern: (Asia)

Water use

%age Consumption

Agriculture

83%

Industrial

10%

Domestic

7%

Domestic Water Use Break up:

Water use

%age

Toilets

35

Bathing & washing

39

Lawns

18

Dishes

Drinking

Global water Problems

2 Billion people facing acute water shortage.

1/3rd of wells have gone dry in Beijing.
3rd world war may be fought on the possession of water.
Need to conserve water.

History of Water Supply:

Ancient Cities

Aqueducts

Bamboo & Clay pipes

Cast Iron pipes

Small Micro-organisms identification

Use of Disinfection

New Developments

Components of Water Works: (4 Components)

1. Source / Collection Work:
Used to extract water for further supply can be based upon
ground water or surface water. Choice depends upon
availability and economics.
Source
should
meet
quantitative
and
qualitative
requirements.
G.W: source is usually a T/well. Shallow wells and hand
pumps can also be used.
Surface water: usually an intake structure with storage well
& pumps are used.
2. Treatment / Purification Works:
If water quality of source is not satisfactory then necessary
treatment is to be given before supply to consumers. Degree
of treatment depend upon
. Characteristics of raw water
. Intended use after treatment.
3. Transmission Works/ Rising Main:
Convey collected and treated water to the point of
distribution.

4. Distribution Works:
Water to consumers is supplied/ distributed through
distribution works. They include a network of pipes, valves,
over-head reservoirs (OHRs) etc.
Treatment plant

Source
Distribution

Transmission
line

network
Components of water supply system in Lahore are source &
distribution works due to availability of ground water that
required no treatment and transmission works.
Water Consumption:
It is the average amount of water consumed. It is usually
expressed as litres of water consumed by a person in one day
(lpcd).

Different Water Uses:

Water supplied to a city can be classified according to its
ultimate use. These may be
1. Domestic Use:
This includes water furnished to houses, hotels etc for
sanitary, drinking, washing, bathing and other purposes.
It varies accordingly to the living standards of the people. It
varies in range of 75-380 lpcd. Average figures are 190-340 lpcd.
It is 40-50% of total water consumption.
2. Commercial and Industrial use:
It is the water furnished to industrial and commercial areas.
Commercial areas include markets, office buildings, workshops,
garages, private hospitals etc.
The quantity of water required for this use is usually
related to the floor area of buildings served. It is usually taken as
12.2 m3 per 1000 m2 of floor area per day.
It is 10-20% of total water consumption.
3. Public Use:
Public buildings such as city clubs, jails, schools etc, + street
flushing, fire fighting etc require water such use is known as
Public Use.
It is 10-20% of total water consumption. Range 50-75
lpcd.

4.Losses and Wastage:

(Unaccounted for water) It includes
leaks in mains
un-authorized water connections
It can be reduced by
careful maintenance of water supply systems
Metering of all water services.
In a system 100% metered and moderately maintained the
unaccounted for water will be 10%.
Lahore 30-40% (unaccounted for water)
Islamabad 30% (unaccounted for water)
Total consumption = some of foregoing uses + loses
A typical break up of 400 lpcd water consumption is given as
under: 400 lpcd division
Domestic

200 lit

50%

Indus + comm.

60 lit

15%

public

50 lit

12.5%

losses

90 lit

22.5%

Factors affecting Water Consumption:

Climate: where summers are hot and long, much water is used
for watering lawns, bathing, washing cloths etc. use at public
places (parks etc) also increases.
Standard of Living: water consumption will be more in high
value residential areas and less in slums.
Extent of Sewerage: absence of sewerage facilities will reduce
the per capita water consumption to as low as 40 lpcd.
Commercial / Industrial Activity: well-developed industrial /
commercial areas within a community tend to increase the
water consumption, like in big urban centres etc.
Metering: metering tend to reduce water consumption because
people avoid wasteful use of water. Metering may reduce
water consumption as much as 50%.e.g. comparison b/w two
similar cities in USA was made. One was 90% metered and
had a water consumption of 366 lpcd. Where as other city was
20% metered and its water consumption was 800 lpcd.
Cost of Water: more cost less water consumption.
Quality of Water: if quality is good; consumption is more.

Distribution System Pressure: higher the pressure more will be

the water consumption.
Size of City: bigger cities have more demand for public use (i.e.
fire; gardens etc)
Efficiency of the System: less leakes less water consumption.
Type of Supply: if continuous supply more water is used than
intermittent supply.
Level of Service: water consumption depend upon level of
service like stand Posts, Courtyard Connection or Full Plumbing
System.

Variations in Water Consumption:

Water consumption discussed earlier is based upon Annual
Average. The annual average daily consumption while useful, does
not tell the entire story. Climatic conditions, working day etc tend
to cause wide variations in water consumption. So we have
Monthly variations:
June, July

high consumption

Dec, Jan

low consumption

Daily variations:
Monday

highest consumption

Sunday
lowest, because factories, schools,
commercial areas are Closed.
Hourly variation:
Water consumption keeps on changing throughout the day. There is
usually a peak in the morning when days activities start and
afterwards it reduces.

Some Definitions:
1) Average Daily Consumption:
It is the average amount of water used by a person/ community
in one day. Mathematically
Average daily consumption = total water used in one year
365 x population
2) Maximum daily consumption:
It is the max water consumption during any one-day in the year.
It is about 150 to 180% of the average daily consumption.
Max daily = 1.5 x Av. Daily
3) Peak hourly consumption:
It is the max consumption during any one-hour of the year. It is
around 150% of the max daily consumption.
Peak hourly = 1.5 x max daily
= 1.5 x 1.5 x av. Daily
= 2.25 av. Daily

Ratios used in Lahore by WASA:

Av. daily : Max daily = 1 : 1.5
Av. daily : Peak hourly = 1 : 2.25
AWWA = American Water Works Association
WASA = Water and Sanitation Agency
Always Remember: smaller the city, bigger will be the peak.
Fire Demand:
Although, actual amount of water used in fire fighting in entire
year is small, the rate of use is large.
Usually Insurance Services Office (ISO) formula is used to find
the fire flow.
F = 223.17 C A
Where
F = fire flow, litre / min

A = floor area, m2 (except basement)

C = coefficient depending upon type of structure.
Wooden frame structure = 1.5
Ordinary construction = 1.0
Non-combustible construction = 0.8
Fire-resistant structure = 0.6
Two systems can be used for fire fighting
1.Direct system: consist of fire hydrants with connection.
2. Indirect system: motor vehicles are used to fight fire, which are
filled from special pumping stations.
F.H
Note-1
Near important buildings, direct system is preferable.
Note-2
W.S. systems designed on peak hourly demand need no separate
provision of water for fire fighting.

Note-3
Fire hydrants should not be placed on pipes < 150 mm dia (6 )
Spacing > 150 m
One fire hydrant can serve upto 3700 m2 area.
PROBLEM:
Determine fire flow for T.V. station building of ordinary
construction with a total floor area of 1000 m2 with a height of 6
stories.
Population Forecasting:
Future population of a city / village is required for the design of
water supply / sewerage facility for it.
Various methods are available to forecast population. They may
be GRAPHICAL and MATHEMATICAL. Various methods adopted
give wide variations in results. It is actually the responsibility of
Design
Engineer to adopt most suitable method for a particular
area.
Five methods will be discussed here.

1. Arithmetic Method:
This method is based upon the hypothesis that
Rate of growth is constant.
i.e. a constant number of people are added to city population in a
certain period of time. Mathematically
Suitability: where population growth has stabilized and is under control.
Also suitable for a city that is not fast growing.
2. Geometric Method:
This method is based upon the hypothesis that
Rate of increase is proportional to population
Mathematically
Suitability: future population of a city with large resources of land,
power, water and good transportation might be best predicted by
geometric growth method.
Geometric method can also be applied if per annum population growth
rate and present population of a city is known.
3. Logistic Method:
This method assume that when a city grows to its saturation population,
then the increase in its population is either zero or very minimal and the
population is more or less stabilized.

Mathematically
Suitability: suitable for built-up area like walled city, say, you are
designing for extension or renovation of existing water supply system.
4. Curvilinear Method:
Extremely good and Reliable method.
Fitting of Various cities population on the curve.
Lahore, Bombay, Karachi, Madras, Jakarta etc
5. Ratio Method
City Population is assumed to have a constant ratio with the country
population.
PROBLEM:
The present population i.e. 2013 of a university which is in a fast
growing city is 4,000. If population growth rate is 2.24% per annum, find
its population in year 2020.

PROBLEM:
Estimate the population of a city in year 2030, the population data is
given as below:
Year

1970

Population 800,000

1980

1990

2000

2010

1,020,000

1,350,000

2,100,000

2,400,000

Use all three mathematical methods to find the future population and note
down the differences in the results of three methods.
Upsets in Population Estimates:
Extra-ordinary events such as
Discovery of a nearby oil field
Sudden development of an industry
Upset a calculation of future population growth and necessitate hasty
extension of existing water and sanitation facilities.
Importance of Population Estimate:
If future population estimates are on lower sides then engineering works
will become inadequate very quickly. You will require re-design and
reconstruction very soon. Over-estimation on other hand will result in
over-design and high costs.