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CHAPTER 6.0
SOIL SHEAR STRENGHT
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
6.0
INTRODUCTIONS
Stress-strain Relationship
At
small
relationship
elastic.
strains,
is linear
the
and
The
curve
then
drops
significantly (reduction of
stress)- reaches ultimate shear
stress.
The shear stress reduces
gradually
with
increasing
strain- approaches residual
stress.
peak
ultimate
residual
Stress-strain Relationship
Principal stresses.
Any stress may be equated to a principal stress (N) and a shear stress
(t).
N
P
=
+
Stress-strain Relationship
f is the maximum shear stress the soil can take without failure,
under normal stress, and normal effective stress, .
True Cohesion
Apparent Cohesion
Cementation
Due to the presence of
cementing agents such
as calcium carbonate or
iron oxide
Electrostatic and
electromagnetic attractions
Primary valence bonding
(adhesion)
Occurs primarily during
overconsolidation
soil type
geological formation (sand layers in clay, fissures, etc.)
loading rate
b.
Laboratory tests
Most common laboratory tests to
determine
the
shear
strength
parameters are,
1. Direct shear test
2. Triaxial shear test
Other laboratory tests include,
Direct simple shear test, torsional ring
shear test, plane strain triaxial test,
laboratory vane shear test, laboratory
fall cone test
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
vc +
Laboratory tests
Simulating field conditions
in the laboratory
0
vc
0
0
0
Representative
soil sample
taken from the
site
l
a
i
x
a
Tr
Di
r
hc ect
s
hc
t
s
te
hc
hc
vc +
vc
he
ar
vc
Step 1
Set the specimen in
the apparatus and
apply the initial
stress condition
te
st
vc
Step 2
Apply the
corresponding field
stress conditions
Stress-strain relationship
Dense sand/
OC clay
f
f
Loose sand/
NC clay
Expansion
Compression
Change in height
of the sample
Shear displacement
Shear stress,
f3
f2
f1
Normal stress = 1
Shear displacement
O-ring
Failure plane
impervious
membrane
Soil sample
at failure
Soil
sample
Perspex
cell
Porous
stone
Water
Cell pressure
Back pressure
pedestal
Pore pressure or
volume change
Step 1
3+ q
3
Under all-around cell pressure 3 @ c
Is the drainage valve open?
yes
Consolidated
sample
deviatoric stress
( = q)
no
Shearing (loading)
Is the drainage valve open?
yes
no
Unconsolidated
Drained
Undrained
sample
loading
loading
Step 1
Under all-around cell pressure 3
Shearing (loading)
Consolidated
sample
no
yes
Unconsolidated
sample
a) CD test
Drained
Undrained
loading
loading
c) UU test
b) CU test
no
Total,
Neutral, u
Effective,
Drainage
1 = 1
3 = 3
1 +
Drainage
1 = 1 +
3 = 3
Step 3: At failure
1 + f
Drainage
1f = 1+ f
3f = 3
1 = VC +
3 = hC
Expansion
Time
Compression
d)f
d)f
Loose sand
or NC Clay
Expansion
Compression
Volume change
of the sample
Axial strain
Dense sand
or OC clay
Axial strain
Loose sand
or NC clay
Shear stress,
Deviator stress, d
CD tests
1 = 3 + ( d)f
3c
Confining stress = 3b
Confining stress = 3a
Confining stress =
d)fb
d)fa
Axial
strain
Mohr Coulomb
failure envelope
3a
3b 3c 1a
( d)fa
( d)fb
1b
1c
or
Since u = 0 in CD
tests, =
Therefore, c = c
and =
cd and d are used to
denote them
Total,
Neutral, u
Effective,
Drainage
1 = 1
1 +
No
drainage
Step 3: At failure
1 = 1 + u
3 = 3 u
1f = 1 + fuf
1 + f
No
drainage
3 = 3
uf
3f = 3 uf
1 = 3 + ( d)f
3
Total stresses at failure
1 = 1 - uf
= 3 - uf
Effective stresses at failure
Expansion
Time
Compression
d)f
d)f
Loose sand
or NC Clay
Axial strain
Loose
sand /NC
Clay
Axial strain
Dense sand
or OC clay
Shear stress,
Deviator stress, d
CU tests
ccu
1 = 3 + ( d)f
Confining stress =
3b
Confining stress =
3a
3
d)fa
cu
Mohr
Coulomb
failure envelope in
terms of total stresses
3a
3b
( d)fa
1a
1b
or
Shear stress,
CU tests
uf
Mohr
Coulomb
failure envelope in
terms of total stresses
ccu
3a
3b
3a
ufa
3b
= 3 - uf
1a
( d)fa
cu
1b
1a
ufb
1b
or
Shear
strength
parameters in terms of
total stresses are ccu and
cu
Shear
strength
parameters in terms of
effective stresses are c
and
c = cd and = d
CU tests
Failure envelopes
3 = 3 -uc
C = 3
C = 3
uc
3 = 3 -uc
uc = B 3
Increase of pwp due to
increase of cell pressure
1 = 3 + d- uc
3 + d
3
3 = 3 - uc
ud
uc ud
ud = ABd
Increase of pwp due to
increase of deviator stress
Increase
stress
Skemptons pore water
pressure parameter, A
of
deviator
u = uc + ud
u = B3 + ABd
u = B [3 + Ad]
u = B [3 + A(1 3]
Skemptons pore
water pressure
equation
S < 100%
3c 3b
S > 100%
c 3a b
a or
Calculations
Axial strain, = H/H0
Crosssectional area, A0 = d2/4
Average crosssectional area, A = A0/(1 )
Principal stress, 1 = P/A
Field tests
This is one of the most versatile and widely used devices used for
investigating undrained shear strength (Cu) and sensitivity of soft clays
Applied
Torque, T
Rupture
surface
Bore hole
(diameter = DB)
h > 3DB)
Vane
Vane
PLAN VIEW
b) Torvane
Torvane is a modification to the vane
c) Pocket Penetrometer
Pushed directly into the soil. The unconfined compression
strength (qu) is measured by a calibrated spring.
d) Pressuremeter
Air
Water
Pre bored or
self bored hole
Guard cell
Measuring cell
Guard cell
e) Static Cone
Penetrometer test
40 mm
40 mm
40 mm
40 mm
Cone
penetrometers
with
pore
water
pressure measurement
capability are known as
piezocones
63.5 kg
0.15 m
0.15 m
0.15 m
Number of blows = N1
Number of blows = N2
Number of blows = N3
Soft clay
= in situ drained
shear strength
Core
= Undrained shear
strength
core
Note: Total stress parameters from CU test (ccu and
cu) canof
beclay
used
for
stability problems where; Soil have become fully consolidated and
are at equilibrium with the existing stress state; Then for some
reason additional stresses are applied quickly with no drainage
occurring
Soft clay
= in situ
undrained shear
strength
The End
Tutorial 6 Question 1
Tutorial 6 Question 2
Tutorial 6 Question 3