Module 1

Introduction to Telecommunications

Telecommunications in Today's Society

Evolution of Mobile Communication
Information Theory and Multiple Access
Techniques
Modulation & OSI model.

Course Objectives
Articulate and understand major factors propelling the
global Telecoms Industry growth
Highlight the key cellular technologies and evolution
path
Understand the industry forecast, emerging trends
and value chain

Telecommunications in Today's
Society
Evolution of Mobile Communication
Information Theory: Multiple Access.
Modulation & OSI model.

Telecommunications in Today's
Society
Industry Trends
Growth & Development Drivers
Technology Evolution
Roadmap and Industry Forecast

Industry Trends
Digitization of Legacy Telephony Infrastructure
PSTN ISDN
Personal & Enterprise Networking LAN, WAN etc
Breakthrough in Communications Theory
ShannonHartley Information Theory , Nyquist
Shannon Sampling Theorem
Emergence of Internet Age IP Standardization
GSM Wireless Voice, Roaming, SMS etc

Key Drivers.
Internet Data Explosion Data
Communications
Applications and Services
Mobile Internet Devices Smartphones, Tablets etc
e- Commerce, e-Medicine, e Reader etc
e-Government
Full Media Entertainment
1,348.9 billion USD in 2009http://www.idate.org

Technology Evolution Cellular

Wireless

Time Evolution Technology Maturity

Roadmap and Industry Forecast

Mobile Video Content will be the KILLER Driver
All IP Ultra Flat Network
IPv6 and Backward Compatibility for IPv4
M2M Communication, RemoteTelemetry
Cooperative Wireless Network
Number Portability
Spectrum Sharing
WiFi Offload
Disruptive wireless technologies LTE-Advanced,
VoLTE, WiFi Offload, Small Cells

Telecommunications in Today's Society

Evolution of Mobile Communication
Information Theory and Multiple Access
Techniques
Modulation & OSI model.

Evolution of Mobile
Communication
First Generation System-Analogue
Second Generation Networks-Digital
Third Generation System-WCDMA in UTMS
Fourth Generation Networks-All IP

Evolution of Mobile
First Generation System-Analogue (FDMA)
Communication
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)
Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) was
mainly developed in the Nordic
countries.
Total Access Communications System
(TACS)
Second Generation Networks-Digital 2G
(TDMA)
Started in early 1980
Product of ESTI standardization
Gave birth to GSM and other variants
like TDMA IS-136, CDMA IS-95, Personal
Digital Cellular (PDC)
Roaming available

Evolution of Mobile
Communication

Third Generation System- ITU's IMT-2000

Full interoperability and Interworking of
Mobile Systems
Called UMTS in Europe; CDMA2000 in
America
WCDMA is the air interface technology
for the UMTS
Offers many internet based services,
along with video phoning, imaging, etc

Evolution of Mobile
Communication
The Global Community Still Could not Adopt a
Single radio Access Technology
North America CDMA 2000
China TD-SCDMA
Europe, MEA -WCDMA

Evolution of Mobile
Communication

Radio Spectrum Consideration for 3G

Deployment

Evolution of Mobile
Communication
3G Technologies Variants

Evolution of Mobile
Communication
3G Technologies Variants

Evolution of Mobile
Communication

Fourth Generation Networks-All IP. LTE

Provides the common platform for all
the technologies that have been
developed.
The functinalities of the RNC and BSC is
now distributed to the BTS and a set of
Servers and Gateways.
True Broadband Speed 1Gbps
LTE Advanced, WiMAX etc

Telecommunications in Today's Society

Evolution of Mobile Communication
Information Theory and Multiple
Access Techniques
Modulation & OSI model.

Information Theory & Multiple

Access
The Basic Concept of Multiple Access is to allow
more than one to use Channel Resource.

The Resource could be in the Frequency

(FDMA), Time (TDMA) or Code (CDMA) Domain
Time

Time
FDMA

TDMA

Frequency

Frequency
Time
CDMA

Code

Frequency

Information Theory& Multiple

FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access.
Access
Each user is assigned a discreet slice of
the frequency spectrum.
Permit only one user per channel since
it allows the user to use the channel
100% of the time.
Use for analog cellular mobile system
like AMPs, TACs, etc.
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access.
Multiple users share RF carrier on a
time slot basis.
Carriers are sub divided into time slots.
Information flow is not continuous for a
user; it is sent and received in burst.

Information Theory& Multiple

Access

Information Theory & Multiple

Access
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access.
Multiple access spread spectrum
technique.
Each user is assigned a sequence code
during a call.
No time division, all users use the
entire carrier
Noise is inherent in this system
The Capacity is higher than previous
Systems

Telecommunications in Today's Society

Evolution of Mobile Communication
Information Theory and Multiple Access
Techniques
Modulation & OSI model.

MODULATION

Modulation: Involves varying a parameter of

a carrier wave (sinusoidal waveform) as a
function of the message signal.
Hence, the message (voice, image, data, etc.)
is impressed on to the carrier wave for
transmission.
Modulation may be done by varying the
amplitude, phase, or frequency of a high
frequency carrier in accordance with the
amplitude of the message signal.

MODULATION
A major transition has occurred from simple
analog Amplitude Modulation (AM) and
Frequency/Phase Modulation(FM/PM) to new
digital modulation techniques.
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)
FSK (Frequency Shift Keying)
MSK (Minimum Shift Keying)
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

MODULATION
Modulation
Format

Applications

MSK,GMSK

GSM, CDPD

BPSK
QPSK, /4
DQPSK
OQPSK

Deep space telemetry, cable modems

Satellite, CDMA, NADC, TETRA, PHS, PDC, LMDS, DVBS, cable
CDMA, satellite
DECT, paging, AMPS, CT2, ERMES, land mobile,public
safety
North American digital TV (ATV), broadcast, cable
Satellite, aircraft, telemetry pilots for monitoring
broadband video

FSK, GFSK
8, 16 VSB
8PSK
16 QAM

Microwave digital radio, modems, DVB-C, DVB-T

32 QAM

Terrestrial microwave, DVB-T

64 QAM

DVB-C, modems, broadband set top boxes, MMDS

256 QAM

Modems, DVB-C (Europe), Digital Video (US

64 QAM

DVB-C, modems, broadband set top boxes, MMDS

256 QAM

Modems, DVB-C (Europe), Digital Video (US

MODULATION
Bit rate and symbol rate bit/symbol
Spectral Efficiency bps/Hz
Bit Error Rate - error bits/correct bits (%)

OSI Model

The basic idea behind development of the OSI

reference model by the ITU was to separate the
various parts that form a communication
system.
This was possible by layering and
modularization of the function that were
performing by various layers.
Although initially developed for
communication between computers, this model
is being extensively used in the telecom field,
especially mobile communication.
The OSI model has Seven layers and Peer to
Peer Communication is achieved.

OSI Model
The basic.

OSI Communication Reference

Model
Layer
7
6
5
4
3

Layer
Name
Applicatio
n

Layer Services

Provide access to OSI environment for Users

Provide distributed information services e.g. E-mail, File Transfer

Presentati Provide independence to Application processes from differences

on
in data representation
Provide control structure for communication between
applications i.e. establish,
manage, & terminate connections
(sessions) between co-operating applications
Provide reliable, transparent transfer of data between end points
Transport
Provide end-to-end error recovery and flow control
Session

Network

Provide upper layers with independence from the data

transmission & switching technologies used to connect systems

Responsible for establishing, maintaining, & terminating

connections
Provide for reliable transfer of information across the physical
Data Link
link

Sends blocks of data (frames) with error and flow control

Physical

Provides the functional, mechanical, and electrical characteristics

to interface with the physical medium of the link

OSI Communication Reference

Protocol Stack Structure of GSM
Model

Short Quiz
What are the two major applications/services
driving the demand for Network Infrastructure
Changes?
What approach do you think is best for
Operators to address issues associated with
network growth