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MOVEMENTS
D
E
F
F
Primary position
Cardinal rotation
Secondary
position
Tertiary position
Donders Law
Listing Law
CARDINAL ROTATIONS
Eye Movements
Voluntary
a) Conjunctive
b) Disjunctive
Involuntary
Pyscho Optic
Fusion/ Postural
a) Saccadics
b) Pursuit
c) OKN
a) Static
b) Stato- Kinetic
VOLUNTARY EYE
MOVEMENTS
Conjugate eye
movements:
Versions: Binocular
Ductions: Monocular
VOLUNTARY EYE
MOVEMENTS
Disjunctive eye
movements
The angle between
the fixation axes
changes as the eyes
move in and out. The
eyes rotate in the
opposite directions
Vergence:
Convergence or
divergence
Tonic
Proximal
Accommodation
Fusional vergence
VOLUNTARY EYE
MOVEMENTS
Tortional movements
Rotation of the eye
about the sagittal axis
(y- axis)
Intorsion: upper pole
of the vertical meridian
of the globe tilting
nasally.
Extortion: upper pole
of the vertical meridian
of the globe tilting
temporally.
Involuntary Ocular
movements
Fusional/Postural
Static postural:
Primitive
Gravity
Stato kinetic eye
reflex
Vestibular system
Psycho-optic
Optokinetic
Nystagmus (OKN or
OKR)
Saccadic
Pursuits
Involuntary Ocular
movements
Static Postural reflex
postural innervation
beyond our control and never reaches our
consciousness
Vestibulo-ocular reflex
(VOR)
Unconscious
repositioning of eyes
to compensate for
active & passive head
movement to
stabilize image on
retina.
direction of the eyes
opposite to head
movement, to preserve
image on the center
of the visual field.
SEMI-CIRCULAR CANALS
Horizontal, anterior
& posterior
They keep eyes still
while your head
moves
Approx. @ right
angles
Bulbous enlargement
at the base: ampulla
All the canals join the
Ampulla
Cupula
Ampulla contains
the cupula
Sensory hairy
cristae embedded
in the jelly-like
substance
Head rotation
Endolymph swirls
displaces the
cupula
Depolarization:
stimulation of the
vestibular nerve
Hyper
polarization:
inhibition of the
vestibular nerve
Endolymph in each
semicircular canal
has inertia
Not coupled
directly head
movements
Endolymph lags
behind
Inhibitory
SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
activated with the
rotation of the head in
the plane of the 6
canals
maximal excitation of
one partner results in
maximum inhibition of
the other
VOR gain
implulses from the VOR
follow two pathways:
1) direct route to the
motor nerve nuclei
2) indirect route via the
cerebellum.
The difference between
the 2routes is used to
determine and adjust the
overall gain of the VOR.
The cerebellum performs
these adjustments.
VESTIBULAR REFLEXES
The PPRF on the left
generates saccades to the
left in both eyes. As in the
VOR, there are two paths:
1) a direct path which
mediates the phasic
command to move the
eyes.
2) an indirect path via PPH
which generates the tonic
command to hold the eyes
in an eccentric position.
Self Study
Describe the pathway, from the semi
circular canals onwards that would be
followed for Caloric Nystagmus (COWS)
PSYCHO-OPTICAL REFLEXES
Involuntary reflexes depending on vision
Optokinetic Reflex
(OKR)
Acquired soon after
birth
re-fixation + following
reflex = OKN
Saccadic + pursuit eye
movements
Fast phase & slow phase
Optokinetic reflex
Active at the low
frequency spectrum
requires movement of
the entire visual
surround.
OKN is an example of
OKR in action.
Responds to constant
image velocity whereas
VOR responds to
acceleration.
OKN : Jerky Nystagmus
Saccades
eccentric sound
SACCADIC EYE
MOVEMENTS
Refixation saccades: bring the
image of an eccentric target onto or
near the fovea
Voluntary saccades: occur as result
of instruction
reflex saccades: occur as reflex