Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
August 2013
Agenda
Introduction
Identification and tracking of missing data
Collection of values for missing data
Derivation of data still missing
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Introduction
Siemens PTI was contracted by ERCOT to assist with the collection,
analysis, and production of data in completion of the Resource Asset
Registration Forms.
In this presentation we will go over the procedures proposed by
Siemens PTI to aid ERCOT in the completion of RARF missing data.
This is ongoing work and some of these procedures, in particular
those for estimation of parameters may be fine-tuned as we finish the
project.
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This sheet was populated from a query of RARF data in the ERCOT
HUB. It assists with communicating all missing or suspect data to the
Resource Entities using a single document outside of the multiple
document RARF forms.
The next slide provides a view of this spreadsheet.
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Follow-up with RE
Contact TSP
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PTI Estimation
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Overview
WTG plants sometimes use a three winding transformer with Y grounded
on the high (H) and medium (X) sides and have a delta connected tertiary
(Y).
The tertiary role is just to control harmonics and there are no external
connections to it. Its rating is generally known .
The positive impedance primary to secondary are also usually known
(X+H-X).
From tests it is possible to determine the zero sequence impedance
primary to tertiary (Z0H-Y), primary to secondary (X0H-X) and secondary to
tertiary (X0X-Y).
The corresponding positive impedances to the tertiary cannot be
determined from tests, as there is no access to the tertiary.
Tests need to be carried out for a number of units and this will take time.
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Overview (cond)
Based on a large population of over 100 three winding transformers with
34.5 kV class secondary, 115 or 138 kV primary (345 kV limited) and a
tertiary, we developed a procedure by which the corresponding
impedances primary to tertiary and secondary to tertiary can be
estimated given the positive impedance primary to secondary (XH-X).
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The two winding equivalents can be determined, when the tests above
are available.
It can also be used to estimate missing parameters, while the tests are
yet to be carried out.
Thus given the impedance high to medium XH-X and the tertiary MVA
rating the impedance medium to tertiary XX-Y can be estimated from
Ratio 1.
Once this value is known then the impedance high to tertiary XH-Y can
be estimated from Ratio 3:
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PTI Estimation
Ratio 1
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PTI Estimation
Ratio 3
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PTI Estimation
Ratio 2 (Not Used)
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Note that as shown in the next figure, it is expected that this ratio
in the actual transformer will be greater, thus the zero sequence is
likely to be larger and the short circuits lower.
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Case 1
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Case 2
Case 3
Overview
For wind turbine generators the typical parameters depend primarily on
the generator type (I to IV) and manufacturer.
Typical parameters are provided:
For Type 1 and 2 the impedance correspond to the impedance of the machine
seen from the stator at an estimated rated slip.
For Type 3 and 4 the values provided correspond to an approximate
equivalent impedance that reproduces the contribution to a remote short
circuit.
For short circuit we provide for Type 1 and Type 2 an impedance value (X)
that can be used to estimate initial contribution to the short circuit.
We also provide the decay using the rotor time constant ( X/[377*R rotor] )
This same value X can be used as an approximation for the negative
sequence impedance.
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The following table provides the typical information for WTG that can
be used to estimate missing data.
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Overview
Synchronous machines are not designed to withstand single line to
ground currents hence they are connected to the system with Delta-Y
GSU transformer with delta on the generator size and their neutral is
grounded through a very high resistance.
The value of the resistance should be represented on pu of a 100
MVA basis (system basis), however in some occasions the
information is in generator drawings with values in ohms connected to
the generator neutral via a transformer and it is not clear how to
produce the required value in pu.
We discuss two cases; a) drawings are available with the values in
ohms and b) no grounding information is available.
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Overview
The RARF requires both saturated and unsaturated values. In general the
unsaturated values are available as these values are the ones employed in
stability evaluations as the saturation is modeled explicitly, but saturated values
may be missing. The saturation is non linear and its effect on the impedances
is heavily a function of the machines design and its operating point.
Particularly during transients this effect becomes more complicated due
current displacements (i.e. unidirectional currents) in the machine.
When available the machines manufacturer provides the saturated values
obtained from detailed models of the machines and assumptions with respect
of its operating conditions.
To take advantage of as much information as possible and approximate the
procedure used by the machines manufacturer, we propose using the classical
equations of the synchronous machine to obtain an estimation of the saturated
values.
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Eq 1
Eq 2
Eq 3
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Procedure
First Xad, Xfl and XDl are determined using the following equations:
Next the saturated values Xad must be obtained, which are derived from the
formula:
Where S is the saturation factor and normally S(1) and S(1.2) are known
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Procedure (cont)
For other values of S(V) we use the equation:
The coefficients A and B are determined using S(1) and S(1.2) and that the machine at
0.9 pu should have little or no saturation.
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Overview
For all remaining missing data, PTI is compiling a list of typical data
from similar non-wind unit types (i.e. CCP, coal fired, etc.) in the
ERCOT territory with known data and of similar type and output. If
there is nothing similar in the ERCOT system, we will then use a
listing of generators in the Eastern Interconnect as a data source for
typical values.
Machine parameters are largely based on manufacturer. In lieu of
knowing the manufacturer for all units in ERCOT, we are using the
machine type as a filter with the assumption that for each type of
unit / unit output combination there will be a small subset of
manufacturers therefore allowing for a peer identification based on
similar parameters.
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Procedure
1. Determine generator type of unit with missing data
2. Compile list of units of similar type with completed data.
3. In the case of CCPs, there is an additional level of categorizing based
on plant configuration (i.e. 2x1, 3x1). The further increases the
likelihood of accurate peer detection.
4. Identify candidates with similar output
5. The detailed parameters of the candidates should then be compared
to the available parameters of the machine of question. The most
similar candidate is now identified as a peer.
6. Complete the missing RARF with values from the indentified peer
machine.
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Questions
Contact Information:
Nelson Bacalao
Nelson.Bacalao@siemens.com
Alicia Dortch
Alicia.Dortch@siemens.com