WORKSHOP ON ELECTRONIC

CIRCUIT ANALYSIS LABORATORY

By

ELIYAZ
MAHAMMAD
Assistant Professor

RC PHASE SHIFT
OSCILLATOR USING
TRANSISTOR

by
ELIYAZ MAHAMMAD

Introduction
Definition of oscillator:
Any circuit which is used to generate an
ac voltage without an ac input signal is
called an Oscillator.

Positive feedback is used to generate

oscillations of desired frequency.

Basic theory of Oscillators

The feedback is a property which allows to
feedback the part of the output, to the
same circuit as its input.
As the phase of the feedback signal is
same as that of the input applied, the
feedback is called positive feedback.

Fig. Concept of Positive

Feedback

The amplifier gain is A i.e., it amplifies its

input V i , A

times to produce output VO.

A

V0
Vi

A is called open loop gain of the amplifier

For the overall circuit, the input is supply voltageV S and net
output is VO. The ratio of output VO to input VS is called closed
loop gain of the circuit (or) gain with feedback denoted as Af.
Af = Vo / Vs

The feedback is positive and voltage Vf is added to VS

to generate input of amplifier Vi.
The feedback voltage Vf depends on the feedback
element gain . we can write

Vi VS V f

Vi VS V0

V0

VS Vi V0

V0
V0
A

f V
S Vi V0

Dividing both numerator and denominator by

V0

V
i

Af
V0
1
V

A
f 1 A

Af A

Here
The product of the open loop gain and the feedback
factor is called the loop gain, i.e., loop gain = A.
If

A 1

then Af = = Vo / Vs

Hence, the gain of the amplifier with positive feedback is infinite

and the amplifier gives an a.c.output without a.c. input signal.
Thus, the amplifier acts as an oscillator.

Conditions for oscillations

(Barkhausen Criterion)

The magnitude of the product of the open

loop gain of the amplifier (A) and the
magnitude of the feedback factor is
unity. i.e.,
The total phase shift around the closed
loop is zero (or) 360o.

Classfication of Oscillators based on the

Components
Based on the circuit components:
LC Oscillators
RC Oscillators
Crystal Oscillators
All the oscillators using LC circuits operate well at
high frequencies. As the inductors and capacitors
required for the time circuit would be very
bulky.RC oscillators are found to be more
suitable.

RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

RC phase shift Oscillator

Here capacitors and resistors are
arranged in a
ladder fashion.
It consists of
Amplifier section
3 RC sections

Consider one RC section

The total impedance of the circuit is
Z= R + (1/jXc)
Z= R -(j/Xc) =IzI angle()
Here current I leads input voltage Vi by

IzI = R2 + Xc2
= tan-1(Xc/R)
= tan-1(1/RC)

Here amplifier section provides 180 phase shift

1 RC section provide 60 phase shift
3 RC section provide 180 phase shift
Total phase shift around the closed loop is 360

Equivalent circuit using h-parameter model.

Assume the ration of the resistance RC to R be K.

K = Rc / R
The modified equivalent circuit is shown in the figure
below.

Applying KVL for the various loops in the modified equivalent

circuit
we get frequency of oscillation

1
f
2 RC 4 K 6

 From I A I =1
We will get
29
2
h 4 K 23K
fe
K

Minimum value of hfe for the oscillations

To get minimum value of hfe,

dh

fe

dK
4

d
2 23K 29 0
4
K
dK
K

29
29
0 K2
2
4
K

K 2.6925

Substituting in the equation of hfe

h
44.54
fe

min

Advantages
The circuit is simple to design
Can produce output over audio
frequency range
Produces sinusoidal output waveform
It is a fixed frequency oscillator

Disadvantages
For all practical purposes this oscillator is
considered as fixed frequency oscillator
The frequency stability is poor,due to changes
in the values of various components,due to
effect of temperature,aging etc